Structural conservation and variation in the D-loop-containing region of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA

Comparison of evolutionary rates in the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene and control region and their implications for phylogeny of the Cobitoidea (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)

“…However, several reports have challenged the generality of this observation, especially in diVerent Wsh groups. In rat and mouse, Brown et al (1986) found a slower rate of substitution in CR than that of protein-coding genes. A slower rate of substitution in CR was also found in salmonid Wshes (Bernatchez and Danzmann, 1993;Shedlock et al, 1992), and butterXies of the genus Jalmenus (Taylor et al, 1993).…”

“…It is these known and unknown functions that put the CR under high evolutionary pressure and lead to the slow rate of substitution. The ability to fold into secondary structures is essential for function of the origin of replication of many systems and the termination of transcription of RNA (Brown et al, 1986). Because of its function, it is easy to understand that the CR contains sequences that can fold into secondary structure.…”

Recent evolutionary history of New Zealand's North and South Island Kokako (Callaeas cinerea) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

“…SIKokako2 was collected from Milford Sound in 1888 but the collecting locality of SIKokako1 is not known. The 403 bp fragment of Domain III amplified from NI Kokako was rich in adenine (t = 0.29; C = 0.28; A = 0.38; G = 0.06), a feature characteristic of the vertebrate mitochondrial control region (Brown et al 1986). This region contained nine sites with single nucleotide polymorphism plus two 2-bp insertion/deletions (indels) and one 11-bp indel (Table 1; GenBank accession numbers AF433175-AF433206).…”

Sequence variation and structural conservation in the D-loop region and flanking genes of mitochondrial DNA from Japanese pond frogs.

“…Because of the short regulatory elements it contains and its propensity for rapid change, the D-loop region is one of the most interesting parts of the vertebrate mitochondrial genome. Several detailed comparisons of the D-loop region in mammalian mtDNA have been published (Brown et al, 1986;Saccone et al, 1987Saccone et al, , 1991Hoelzel et al, 1991). Substantial length variation has been found in the D-loop region of many mammalian and fish mtDNA (Moritz et al, 1987: Rand, 1993.…”