Structural comparison of multi-walled carbon nanotubes produced from polypropylene and polystyrene waste plastics

Graves, Katherine; Higgins, Luke; Nahil, Mohamad A.; Mishra, Bhoopesh; Williams, Paul T.

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105396

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…[6] Most carbons used in materials science applications are fossil derived: carbon black, which is commonly used in tires, is typically derived from the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products, [7] most carbon fibers used in composites are polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-or pitch-based [8] and graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) often use fossil-derived feedstocks. [9] Consumer perception and regulation are, however, currently driving demand towards non-fossil derived carbons. [10,11] The most common origins of non-fossil-derived carbons are ligno/cellulosic materials: wood, [12] plant-based fibers from cotton, hemp, flax or coir [13] and bacterial cellulose [14] can be used as templates to produce carbon networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most carbons used in materials science applications are fossil derived: carbon black, which is commonly used in tires, is typically derived from the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products, [ 7 ] most carbon fibers used in composites are polyacrylonitrile (PAN)‐ or pitch‐based [ 8 ] and graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) often use fossil‐derived feedstocks. [ 9 ] Consumer perception and regulation are, however, currently driving demand towards non‐fossil derived carbons. [ 10,11 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal Carbon: A Cost‐Effective Tunable Network Template for Creating Supercapacitors

Jones,

Jiang,

Mautner

et al. 2024

Global Challenges

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Carbons form critical components in biogas purification and energy storage systems and are used to modify polymer matrices. The environmental impact of producing carbons has driven research interest in biomass‐derived carbons, although these have yield, processing, and resource competition limitations. Naturally formed fungal filaments are investigated, which are abundantly available as food‐ and biotechnology‐industry by‐products and wastes as cost‐effective and sustainable templates for carbon networks. Pyrolyzed Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus eryngii filament networks are mesoporous and microscale with a size regime close to carbon fibers. Their BET surface areas of ≈282 m2 g−1 and ≈60 m2 g−1, respectively, greatly exceed values associated with carbon fibers and non‐activated pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose and approximately on par with values for carbon black and CNTs in addition to pyrolyzed pinewood, rice husk, corn stover or olive mill waste. They also exhibit greater specific capacitance than both non‐activated and activated pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose in addition to YP‐50F (coconut shell based) commercial carbons. The high surface area and specific capacitance of fungal carbon coupled with the potential to tune these properties through species‐ and growth‐environment‐associated differences in network and filament morphology and inclusion of inorganic material through biomineralization makes them potentially useful in creating supercapacitors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Carbon: A Cost‐Effective Tunable Network Template for Creating Supercapacitors

Jones,

Jiang,

Mautner

et al. 2024

Global Challenges

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Either hydrogen or nitrogen gases are used to react at the surface and to maintain the high temperature and pressure of the substrate. , Precursor gases such as carbon monoxide, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, benzene, and xylene mostly contain carbon sources. Methane, ethylene, and acetylene have linear dimmers of carbon atoms and they form a straight CNT, while benzene produces a curved CNT. , Acetylene has a major influence on CNT production manufactured by the CVD method. At high concentrations of acetylene, carbon nanoparticles grow, covering the entire surface of CNTs in compact coating, and control the morphology of nanotubes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methane, ethylene, and acetylene have linear dimmers of carbon atoms and they form a straight CNT, while benzene produces a curved CNT. 18,19 Acetylene has a major influence on CNT production manufactured by the CVD method. At high concentrations of acetylene, carbon nanoparticles grow, covering the entire surface of CNTs in compact coating, and control the morphology of nanotubes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Different Catalysts on a Direct Growth Carbon Nanotube for Supercapacitor Electrodes

et al. 2023

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Supercapacitors are engaged in the search for efficient electrode materials to convene hybrid vehicles' utility requirements and renewable energy sources. State-of-art supercapacitors have relatively low energy density, although they have high power density and cyclic life. Carbon nanotubes are a onedimensional nanostructure with hollow graphite layers in cylindrical shape. The production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is carried out via laser ablation and arc discharge method; nevertheless, the chemical vapor deposition method is one of the highly reliable methods of all. In this study, CNTs are synthesized by the decomposition of acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) on different metallic catalysts of nickel (Ni)-, cobalt (Co)-, and iron (Fe)-deposited Ni foam substrate. In particular, the reaction temperature, flow rate of carrier and precursor gas, and processing time effect are optimal in the formation of crystalline size and structure. These parameters improve the yield of carbon sequestration. The resultant Fe catalyst-deposited CNT possessed high specific capacitance of 2.5 F/cm 2 at 1 A/g and showed 99.25% capacitive retention for 10,000 cycles. A symmetric supercapacitor CNT-Fe//CNT-Fe was assembled, and the device had high energy densities of 37.30 W h/kg@1 A/g and high power densities of 599.91 W/kg@1 A/g in aqueous electrolyte. Furthermore, the resultant symmetric device exhibited 91.53% capacitance retention with a 99.25% coulombic efficiency over 10,000 cycles.

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“…However, it requires careful materials sorting prior to them entering the waste stream, and the recycled products can exhibit downgraded mechanical properties due to possible chain degradation, branching, or cross-linking from thermal conduction and a high shear environment. Alternatively, chemical recycling can convert plastic materials to a monomer state, , fuels, , carbon, , and/or other chemicals via processes including hydrolysis, pyrolysis, and glycolysis. While these approaches may be more energy intensive than mechanical recycling, this method can yield new materials with identical or improved properties as virgin plastics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hands-on Laboratory Experiments for Demonstrating Mixed Plastic Recycling

et al. 2022

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Plastic waste is a growing concern in recent years due to the massive increase in single-use plastic applications. Despite the ever-increasing amount of waste, recycling plastics is not a simple process due to difficulties in sorting, which results in significantly downgraded material properties. This handson lab experiment showcases the important knowledge steps in a typical recycling process, including waste collection, plastic separation and sorting methods, processing techniques, and characterization methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile testing. Additionally, this lab demonstrates the importance of miscibility between materials and provides evidence that small amounts of block copolymers (BCPs) can compatibilize immiscible mixed plastic waste, leading to enhanced material properties of recycled products. Through these engaging hands-on lessons, students can not only obtain a better understanding about the challenge and industrial solution of mixed plastic waste recycling, but also realize the importance for protecting environments through waste management.

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Structural comparison of multi-walled carbon nanotubes produced from polypropylene and polystyrene waste plastics

Cited by 16 publications

References 83 publications

Fungal Carbon: A Cost‐Effective Tunable Network Template for Creating Supercapacitors

Fungal Carbon: A Cost‐Effective Tunable Network Template for Creating Supercapacitors

Role of Different Catalysts on a Direct Growth Carbon Nanotube for Supercapacitor Electrodes

Hands-on Laboratory Experiments for Demonstrating Mixed Plastic Recycling

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