Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide fromFicus carica

Abstract

A novel polysaccharide (FCPW80-2) with a molecular weight of 1.21 × 105 Da was first isolated from Ficus carica through hot water extraction and several chromatographic methods. The structure of FCPW80-2 was determined by chemical and instrumental analysis. The results showed that the backbone of FCPW80-2 consists of (1→5)-linked α-l-Ara, (1→3,6)-linked β-d-Man and (1→4,6)-linked β-d-Gal. The branches of FCPW80-2 consist of (1→4)-linked α-d-Glc and (1→3)-linked β-l-Rha terminated with (1→)-linked β-d-Glc. In vitro immunomodulatory activity assays revealed that FCPW80-2 could markedly promote the secretion of cytotoxic molecules (NO) and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) as well as the phagocytosis of RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, TLR2 was found to be a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of FCPW80-2, and its related mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p-ERK, p-JNK and p-p38, were rapidly upregulated by FCPW80-2 in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, FCPW80-2 could not only upregulate the expression of p-p65 and p-IκB-α, but also cause the translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 from cytosol to nuclei in RAW264.7 macrophages. The results demonstrated that MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways participated in FCPW80-2-induced macrophage activation and FCPW80-2 could be developed as a potential immunomodulating functional food.

Structural Features of Three Hetero-Galacturonans from Passiflora foetida Fruits and Their in Vitro Immunomodulatory Effects

“…These results of the present study were in agreement with the studies on hetero-galacturonans obtained from sweet cherry and stem lettuce [10,11]. Therefore, these results suggested that PFP2, PFP3, and PFP4 may play an immunomodulatory role through promoting the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO in RAW264.7 macrophages, which are essential for killing pathogens, microorganisms, and coordinating various biological activities as intracellular messenger molecules [5].…”

“…Among the salt-eluted polysaccharides, such as galactans, glucans, galacturonans, galacturonans have attracted more attention in modern pharmacology [5][6][7]. It is one kind of polysaccharides with a backbone of galactopyranouronic (GalpAc) residues and mostly distributed in plants as heterozygotes, which have extensively gained concerns because of their multiple biological properties, especially the immunomodulatory activities [8][9][10][11][12].…”

Purification and Characterization of a Novel Pentadecapeptide from Protein Hydrolysates of Cyclina sinensis and Its Immunomodulatory Effects on RAW264.7 Cells

“…We followed the methods described in Juan Du et al [53] to measure the proteins levels of iNOS, IκB-α, NF-κB and NLRP3 using western blotting. Total protein of the treated cells was extracted using RIPA lysis buffer, and protein concentration was measured using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein quantification kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China).…”

A novel polysaccharide isolated from Flammulina velutipes, characterization, macrophage immunomodulatory activities and its impact on gut microbiota in rats

“…Polysaccharide is a component of biological organisms and an important biologically active substance that possesses multiple functions, such as antioxidant (Dammak et al, ; Ji et al, ; Ye et al, ), anti‐obesity (Chang et al, ) and immunomodulating properties (Du J et al, ; Jin et al, ; Yu et al, ). The human body lacks carbohydrate active enzymes that can utilize polysaccharides directly.…”