A novel polysaccharide isolated from Flammulina velutipes, characterization, macrophage immunomodulatory activities and its impact on gut microbiota in rats

Abstract

The structural characteristics of a novel Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide (FVP2) were explored in this study. Besides, immunomodulatory activities of FVP2 on RAW 264.7 cell and its impact on gut microbiota in rats were investigated. FVP2 has a molecular weight of 18.3 kD, and its main components include galactose (19.96%), glucose (60.66%) and mannose (19.38%). By NMR analysis, the main‐chain structure consisted of (1 → 3)‐linked‐β‐D‐Gal, (1 → 6) ‐linked‐β‐D‐Gal, (1 → 6)‐linked‐α‐D‐Glc and (1 → 3,6)‐linked‐α‐D‐Man was identified. Results of the in vitro assays on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells showed FVP2 could significantly up‐regulate the expression of NO, TNF‐α and IL‐6. FVP2 was intragastrically administered to rats for 2 weeks. Compared with the control group, two caecal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration (isobutyric acid and butyric acid) and the abundance of beneficial microbiota of the FVP2‐treated group were significantly increased (p < .05) respectively. The results demonstrated that FVP2 could effectively enhance the level of butyric acid and increase beneficial gut microbiota, which could improve the intestinal barrier function and maintain the intestinal mucosal integrity, suggesting that FVP2 could potentially be an immunomodulators or a functional food to promote intestinal health.

The Effect of Flammulina velutipes Polysaccharide on Immunization Analyzed by Intestinal Flora and Proteomics

“…Flammulina velutipes is one of the most popular edible mushrooms that contain triterpenes, polysaccharides, sterols and vitamins. F. velutipes polysaccharides have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, immune modulatory, and intestinal flora activities (7)(8)(9)(10). Earlier experiments of our group found that F. velutipes polysaccharides were non-toxic and could promote intestinal motility and improve constipation in rats (11).…”

Dietary compounds in modulation of gut microbiota-derived metabolites

“…For example, in vitro fermentation of polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. showed that acetic and butyric acids are produced mainly due to the fermentation of aldehydes and xylose, whereas propionic acid is mainly generated by fermentation of arabinose and xylose ( 71 ). Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide with the monosaccharide composition at the ratio of glucose: galactose: mannose = 60.66:19.96:19.38 can increase the levels of isobutyric and butyric acid ( 72 ). On the contrary, the Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide with the monosaccharide composition at the ratio of mannose: glucose: xylose: arabinose: fucose = 6.6:27.8:18:1.5:5.2 increased the levels of acetic, propanoic and butyric acids ( 73 ).…”

Classification, structure and mechanism of antiviral polysaccharides derived from edible and medicinal fungus

“…In summary, PEP intake could play a positive role in gastrointestinal health [ 216 ]. Also, a separately published report revealed evidence that a novel polysaccharide (FVP2) isolated from Flammulina velutipes , impact on gut microbiota in rats was reported by Jufeng Ye [ 94 ]. On the one hand, the concentrations of two short-chain fatty acids (isobutyric acid and butyric acid) and the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the caecum after the FVP2 treatment were significantly higher than those in control group, as well as butyric acid level was effectively improved, thus increasing the intestinal beneficial bacteria.…”

“…On the one hand, the concentrations of two short-chain fatty acids (isobutyric acid and butyric acid) and the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the caecum after the FVP2 treatment were significantly higher than those in control group, as well as butyric acid level was effectively improved, thus increasing the intestinal beneficial bacteria. On the other hand, FVP2 can maintain the integrity of intestinal mucosa by improving intestinal barrier function [ 94 ].…”