Structural Characterization Analyses of Low Brass Filler Biomaterial for Hard Tissue Implanted Scaffold Applications

Abstract

A biomaterial was created for hard tissue implanted scaffolds as a translational therapeutic approach. The existing biomaterials containing titanium dioxide filler posed a risk of oxygen gas vacancy. This will block the canaliculars, leading to a limit on the nutrient fluid supply. To overcome this problem, low brass was used as an alternative filler to eliminate the gas vacancy. Low brass with composition percentages of 0%, 2%, 5%, 15%, and 30% was filled into the polyester urethane liquidusing the metallic filler polymer reinforced method. The structural characterizations of the low brass filler biomaterial were investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results showed the surface membrane strength was higher than the side and cross-section. The composition shapes found were hexagon for polyester urethane and peanut for low brass. Low brass stabilised polyester urethane in biomaterials by the formation of two 5-ringed tetrahedral crystal structures. The average pore diameter was 308.9 nm, which is suitable for articular cartilage cells. The pore distribution was quite dispersed, and its curve had a linear relationship between area and diameter, suggestive of the sphere-shaped pores. The average porosities were different between using FESEM results of 6.04% and the calculated result of 3.28%. In conclusion, this biomaterial had a higher surface membrane strength and rather homogeneous dispersed pore structures.

CuZn Complex Used in Electrical Biosensors for Drug Delivery Systems

“…Forero et al (2017) [ 53 ] used an electrical biosensor of CuZn, which was better than either Zn by Lestari et al (2018) or Cu by Wang et al (2018). They made a bone tissue engineering scaffold with the appropriate pore size, interconnection, and high porosity that was similar to that of our studies [ 54 ]. Natural API such as hydroxyapatite (HAp) was used in the CuZn/gelatin/chitosan (Chi) drug carrier for bone repair and regeneration, including mineralisation, collagen stimulation, osteoblast cell adhesion, and proliferation.…”

“…These multivalent ions are crucial for the human body’s biocatalytic reactions [ 46 ]. Furthermore, Cu bonded with polyester via nitrogen (N) to form a LROP structure, which was illustrated in our previous study of structural characterization, as shown at the right of Figure 2 [ 54 ]. Thus, this Cu had a similar function to the inert metal ion (Zn 2+ ) that was linked by an active ligand in LROP.…”

“… XRD intensity against diffraction angle of 2θ for CuZn (left) [ 74 , 75 ] and illustration of Cu-bonded polyester urethane via N (right) [ 54 ]. Reprinted with permission.…”

Structural Strength Analyses for Low Brass Filler Biomaterial with Anti-Trauma Effects in Articular Cartilage Scaffold Design

“…The structural characteristics of biomaterial had been studied in our previous article [60]; thus, this low brass filler composition weight percentages in biomaterial was the focus of this study. An attempt was made to investigate the low brass filler's role in these reversible continuous dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of biomaterials.…”

Numerical Simulation Study on Relationship between the Fracture Mechanisms and Residual Membrane Stresses of Metallic Material

“…For the last experimental work, a biomaterial was fabricated using the metallic filler polymer reinforced method [ 44 , 45 , 46 ] to provide the requisite mechanical and structural strengths [ 47 ] for the scaffold integrity [ 48 ]. The tensile strength and flexural strength for this biomaterial made of 30% low brass filler and 70% polyester urethane liquid were found to be 203 MPa and 1015 MPa, respectively [ 18 , 49 ]. Although there was a different nominal composition between the cart brass (70% copper and 30% zinc) and low brass (80% copper and 20% zinc), the maximum tensile and yield strengths for both brass products were the same [ 50 ].…”