Structural anomalies of the peripheral olfactory system in psychosis high-risk subjects

Turetsky, Bruce I.; Moberg, Paul J.; Quarmley, Megan; Dress, Erich; Calkins, Monica E.; Ruparel, Kosha; Prabhakaran, Karthik; Gur, Raquel E.; Roalf, David R.

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.015

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…While initial high‐risk studies suggested that olfactory impairments might be specific predictors of actual conversion to schizophrenia, more recent data suggest that this is an index of poor functional outcome which may include overt psychosis, but which is an ominous marker of neurodevelopmental aberration independent of future diagnosis. Thus, our results are consistent with and reinforce the hypothesis that embryonic insults early in fetal development, which can give rise to both structural and behavioral olfactory anomalies, result in a heightened, but not inevitable, risk for both psychosis and overall functional impairment. Actual psychosis, if it emerges, may span the schizophrenia‐bipolar spectrum, with more widespread olfactory dysfunction observed in schizophrenia …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Olfactory processing in bipolar disorder, major depression, and anxiety

et al. 2018

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Olfactory processing in bipolar disorder, major depression, and anxiety

et al. 2018

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“…However, this warrants further exploration in subjects who convert. Abnormalities in the olfactory system have been reported in CHR subjects ( 138 ). Bilateral reductions in olfactory bulb volume in males, as well as reduced left olfactory grey matter volume, were observed in subjects at baseline.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Review of Neuroimaging Findings in Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: On the Path to Biomarkers for Conversion

2020

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First episode psychosis (FEP), and subsequent diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, predominantly occurs during late adolescence, is accompanied by a significant decline in function and represents a traumatic experience for patients and families alike. Prior to first episode psychosis, most patients experience a prodromal period of 1–2 years, during which symptoms first appear and then progress. During that time period, subjects are referred to as being at Clinical High Risk (CHR), as a prodromal period can only be designated in hindsight in those who convert. The clinical high-risk period represents a critical window during which interventions may be targeted to slow or prevent conversion to psychosis. However, only one third of subjects at clinical high risk will convert to psychosis and receive a formal diagnosis of a primary psychotic disorder. Therefore, in order for targeted interventions to be developed and applied, predicting who among this population will convert is of critical importance. To date, a variety of neuroimaging modalities have identified numerous differences between CHR subjects and healthy controls. However, complicating attempts at predicting conversion are increasingly recognized co-morbidities, such as major depressive disorder, in a significant number of CHR subjects. The result of this is that phenotypes discovered between CHR subjects and healthy controls are likely non-specific to psychosis and generalized for major mental illness. In this paper, we selectively review evidence for neuroimaging phenotypes in CHR subjects who later converted to psychosis. We then evaluate the recent landscape of machine learning as it relates to neuroimaging phenotypes in predicting conversion to psychosis.

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“…This study had several limitations. First, there was no assessment of other olfactory structures like the olfactory bulb, which also reflects olfactory system underdevelopment in psychosis [31], but could not be reliably measured on T1-weighted images. Second, while the olfactory deficit in our ARMS and schizophrenia subjects may imply orbitofrontal dysfunction [2, 21], neurocognitive (e.g., decision-making [32]) and neuroimaging data on OFC function were not available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between olfactory sulcus morphology and olfactory functioning in schizophrenia and psychosis high-risk status

Takahashi

Nakamura

Sasabayashi

et al. 2019

Heliyon

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Olfactory impairment has been reported in patients with schizophrenia and individuals with a high risk of psychosis, but its neural basis is largely unknown. We used magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the morphology of the olfactory sulcus (an indicator of olfactory system development) and its relation to olfactory function in 38 persons with an at-risk mental state (ARMS), 62 patients with schizophrenia, and 61 healthy controls. Odor detection and identification were examined with a T & T olfactometer. Compared with the controls, the olfactory sulcus was significantly shallower and odor identification was inferior among the ARMS and schizophrenia subjects. Across all subjects, but not within each group, the olfactory sulcus depth was significantly related to better identification of odors. Our results support the concept that olfactory sulcus morphology reflects the neurodevelopmental process of the olfactory system.

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Structural anomalies of the peripheral olfactory system in psychosis high-risk subjects

Cited by 20 publications

References 65 publications

Olfactory processing in bipolar disorder, major depression, and anxiety

Olfactory processing in bipolar disorder, major depression, and anxiety

Selective Review of Neuroimaging Findings in Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: On the Path to Biomarkers for Conversion

Association between olfactory sulcus morphology and olfactory functioning in schizophrenia and psychosis high-risk status

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