Structural and immunological studies of a pectin and a pectic arabinogalactan from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae)

An Arabidopsis Cell Wall Proteoglycan Consists of Pectin and Arabinoxylan Covalently Linked to an Arabinogalactan Protein

“…Numerous prior reports have suggested the possible existence of such complex structures in plant tissues, as summarized in Supplemental Table 11 online. Among these complex structures, pectic AGP fractions have been broadly reported from different plant tissues, including seeds of Coix lacryma-jobivar (Yamada et al, 1987), maize (Zea mays) shoots (Kato and Nevins, 1992), grape (Vitis vinifera; Pellerin et al, 1995), roots of Angelica acutiloba (Zhang et al, 1996), Humulus lupulus spent hops (Oosterveld et al, 2002), roots of Vernonia kotschyana (Nergard et al, 2005), Beta vulgaris (McKenna et al, 2006), and carrot (Daucus carota) taproot (Immerzeel et al, 2006). Also, the Xyl-to-pectin linkage was identified in a pectic AG polysaccharide isolated from leaves of Diospyros kaki (Duan et al, 2004) and might also exist in the Xyl-rich pectins purified from pea (Pisum sativum) hulls (Renard et al, 1997) and flax seed mucilage (Naran et al, 2008).…”

Structure–activity relationship of immunomodulating pectins from elderberries

“…Interestingly, the LPS content decreased after weak acid hydrolysis, ester hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation possibly due to some degradation of LPS and purification process of polysaccharide sub-fractions. The influence of LPS contamination on the complement fixing activity was disregarded as previous studies reported that the amount of LPS in the polymer did not influence the activity observed [106,113].…”

“…High amount of GalA, which indicates HG structures, is often considered inactive, and can explain why these fractions have low or no activities in the complement fixing assay [106,107].…”

“…Polysaccharides with high molecular weight are reported to be more active compared to those with lower molecular weights [47,106]. Sub-fraction-IV and sub-fraction-V from elderberries (11-19 kDa) and sub-fractions-II from elderflowers (6-17 kDa) possessed low complement fixating activity and have the lowest molecular weight.…”

Improved Traditional Medicines in Mali

“…23,24 The roots contain steroid glycosides (vernoniosides D1-3 and F1-2) 7,25 and different types of polysaccharides such as inulin, pectins, and arabinogalactans, some of which have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. 24,26 Aqueous extracts are effective at preventing ethanol and stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats, equivalent to 50 mg/kg of ranitidine. 27 Two (2) uncontrolled clinical trials have been carried out in patients with gastric ulcers.…”