Structural Analysis of Proanthocyanidins Isolated from Fruit Stone of Chinese Hawthorn with Potent Antityrosinase and Antioxidant Activity

Abstract

Proanthocyanidins were isolated from fruit stone of Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N.E.Br.). Their structures were analyzed and elucidated by methods of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). The results demonstrated that these compounds are complicated mixtures of homo- and heteropolymers consisting of procyanidin/procyanidin gallate and prodelphinidin. They possessed structural heterogeneity in monomer units, polymer length, and interflavan linkage (A-type and B-type). Their antityrosinase and antioxidant activity were then investigated. The results revealed that they can inhibit tyrosinase activities, including the monophenolase activity and the diphenolase activity. In addition, proanthocyanidins possessed potent antioxidant activity. Our studies revealed that proanthocyanidins isolated from fruit stone of Chinese hawthorn may be applied in food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

The Gastrointestinal Tract as a Key Target Organ for the Health-Promoting Effects of Dietary Proanthocyanidins

“…In another study, the administration of a single oral dose of Hawthorn berries extract (a mixture of Crataegus monogyna and C. oxyacantha containing 0.44% PACs) attenuated the intensity of ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, an effect similar to that observed with the administration of ranitidine (50). Considering the low proportion of PACs in this extract, it is improbable that these molecules were responsible for this protective effect; however, it is important to mention that Hawthorn berries contain oligomeric PACs and more B-type than A-type (51). …”

Extraction optimization and purification of anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murr. and evaluation of tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the anthocyanins

“…This period was related to the time required for the enzyme to accumulate a certain amount of o ‐diphenol in reaction medium and positively correlated with the quantity of monophenol (Zolghadri et al., ). Generally, tyrosinase inhibitors can prolong the lag period (Chai et al., ; Hu et al., ), but the anthocyanins of L . ruthenicum shortened the lag period in a dose‐dependent manner (Figure 5AIII).…”

Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Hepatoprotective Effects of Phillygenin in Mouse

“…DPPH radical-scavenging activity was determined using a modified method [12, 13]. The reaction system contained 1.0 ml of DPPH solution (0.3 mM in methanol) and 2.5 ml sample solution (dissolved in methanol).…”

“…The procedures for ABTS assay followed the method [13, 14] with some modifications. 7.0 mM ABTS solution and 5.0 mM potassium persulfate solution were mixed in equal quantities and stored at room temperature in the dark for 14 h to get ABTS + solution.…”