Strontium release from Sr2+-loaded bone cements and dispersion in healthy and osteoporotic rat bone

Strontium‐incorporated titanium implant surface treated by hydrothermal reactions promotes early bone osseointegration in osteoporotic rabbits

“…Regarding the effect of the Sr‐incorporated surface, it was found that the SLA‐Sr surface had the potential to improve bone‐to‐implant osseointegration in non‐osteoporotic models in our previous studies (Chen et al, ; Fan et al, ; Zhou et al, ), which was confirmed in the current study. Furthermore, SLA‐Sr implants displayed better effects on bone formation compared with SLA implants in osteoporotic animals, which was in accordance with other reports (Offermanns et al, ; Rohnke et al, ), indicating that Sr ions do have positive effects on promoting early osseointegration not only in healthy animals but also in osteoporotic animals. Rizzoli et al () conducted a high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography study, showing that Sr increased bone volume (BV/TV) in the distal tibia of osteoporotic postmenopausal women.…”

“…As microelements are essential for most organic activities, strontium (Sr) has a significant role in developing and maintaining the physiological structure of bones. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated the positive effects of Sr in bone tissue engineering (Andersen et al, ; Rohnke et al, ). Sr is an alkaline earth metal with atomic number 38.…”

Investigation of strontium transport and strontium quantification in cortical rat bone by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

“…In a recently published study, we investigated Sr 2þ transport in trabecular bone [28]. Trabecular bone is present within or at the ends of long bones and shows less density, less homogeneity as well as a lesser degree of parallel orientation of lamellae than cortical bone [44].…”

“…In a recent study, we successfully determined the Sr 2þ diffusion coefficients for healthy and osteoporotic trabecular bone by ToF-SIMS depth profiling [28]. These experimentally obtained parameters were used to perform a simple simulation of drug release and mobility in bone by finiteelement calculation.…”

Bibliographic review on the state of the art of strontium and zinc based regenerative therapies. Recent developments and clinical applications

“…On the other hand, a Sr loaded bone cement (Sr-BC) was prepared in different concentrations Sr/(Ca + Sr) = 0%, 2%, 5% in a different study where the experiment was only carried out in vitro on the mouse monocyte cell line (RAW 264.7) and the MC3T3-E1 cell line. 60 Further, a cement precursor was found composed of 58 wt% a-tricalcium phosphate, 24 wt% calcium hydrogen phosphate, 8.5 wt% hydroxyapatite and 8.5 wt% strontium carbonate and later mixed with a 4% aqueous disodium hydrogen phosphate solution to assist new bone formation in Sprague-Dawley rats, 61 and silicon (Si) and Zn doped brushite cements (BrCs) alone and in combination with insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), coming to four different scaffolds: (IGF-1) BrC, (IGF-1) Si-BrC, (IGF-1) Zn-BrC, and (IGF-1) Si/Zn-BrC cements, on New Zealand white rabbits. 62 Moreover, scaffolds from very different compositions were found: SrO doped biosilicate scaffolds, fabricated by mixing Mg 2 SiO 4 and CaSiO 3 and adding SrO in different ratios, being 0SrO (0 wt%), 0.5SrO (0.5 wt%), 1SrO (1 wt%), 2SrO (2 wt%), and 3SrO (3 wt%), were used to treat MG-63 cells; 63 a zinc silicate mineral coated PLLA scaffold compared to a non-coated scaffold and tissue culture plastic (TCPS), cultured with adipocyte derived stem cells (ADSCs); 64 a strontium chloride (SrCl 2 ) coated porcine femur cancellous bone derived scaffold (CPB) subsequently coated with polycaprolactone (PCL) obtaining CPB/Sr/ PCL on hMSCs; 65 a sol-gel method synthesized hybrid scaffold incorporating: phosphate ions, calcium from calcium dichloride (CaCl 2 Á2H 2 O) and Sr from strontium dichloride hexahydrate (SrCl 2 Á6H 2 O) was incorporated into human osteoblast cell line (HOB) cultures; 66 a Sr folate (SrFO) loaded bio-hybrid porous scaffold obtained by interpenetrating beta tricalcium phosphate (bTCP) and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate networks in contrast with a bTCP scaffold, which was used in an experiment in human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) as well as in vivo in Wistar rats; 67 Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJCs) were treated with either a rod-like nano hydroxyapatite (RN-HA) or a flake-like micro hydroxyapatite (FM-HA) as a coating for a Mg-Zn-Ca alloy scaffold in another study; 68 a Collagen type-I (Col-I) coated magnesium-zirconia (Mg-Zr) alloy, containing different quantities of Sr, where the scaffolds were divided into 3 samples: No-Sr, Low-Sr (1.82 wt%) and High-Sr (4.8 wt%) and later implanted into New Zealand white rabbits; 69 another Sr containing HA/polylactide composite group with four scaffolds was obtained: CT (control, Sr0/polylactide), SrL (Sr0.5/polylactide), SrM (Sr5/polylactide) and SrH (Sr50/polylactide), which were as well implanted into New Zealand white rabbits; 70 and lastly, three different studies chose to use a calcium silicate based bio-ceramic that contains Sr and Zn ions: strontium-hardystonite-gahnite (Sr-HT-gahnite) scaffolds, [71][72][73] since it has been recently studied due to its biocompatibility and exclusive microstructure (Fig.…”