Strongylus vulgaris infection in the horse

Duncan, J.

doi:10.1136/vr.95.2.34

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…The results of this study support the view of Duncan (1974b) that not all horses which suffer arterial damage show clinical signs. Many of the horses slaughtered during the present study were in apparent good health, in spite of the occurrence of verminous arteritis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EQUINE STRONGYLOSIS IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND 3. Seasonal Variation in Arterial Populations of Strongylus vulgaris, and the Prevalence of some Helminths

English

1979

Aust Veterinary J

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The anterior mesenteric arteries of 138 horses slaughtered in southern Queensland were examined for the presence of S. vulgaris larvae. Seasonal differences were noted in the size of arterial populations of this parasite, with higher mean monthly numbers of worms per horse occurring in winter. There was an equally high incidence of severe verminous arteritis during the winter months of June, July and August, compared to arteries examined during the warmer months, when there were smaller numbers of larvae. It was concluded that more infective larvae were available on pasture during the warmer months, with subsequently large arterial populations some 3 to 4 months later. The parasite was encountered in 121 arteries (88%). The prevalence of adult helminths in the caeca of the same group of horses was S. vulgaris 88%; S. equinus 70%; S. edentatus 18%; Triodontophorus spp. 23%; A. perfoliata 62%. The overall prevalence of S. vulgaris was 93%, when the results of arterial and caecal observations were combined.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EQUINE STRONGYLOSIS IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND 3. Seasonal Variation in Arterial Populations of Strongylus vulgaris, and the Prevalence of some Helminths

English

1979

Aust Veterinary J

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“…However, aneurisms of the cranial mesenteric artery were not noticed in the material processed in this investigation. The arterial wall was thickened in variable percentages in all examined horses, which is consistent with many authors (Duncan, 1974;Radostis et al, 1994;Maxie and Robinson, 2007) which have the opinion that an aneurism is not a change related to verminous arteritis of the cranial mesenteric artery. Contrary to them other authors state that aneurisms are a regular change related to this disease (Forenbacher, 1983;Klei et al, 1990;Rooney and Robertson, 1996).…”

Section: Immunohistochemical Findingssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The arterial wall is thickened (Radostis et al, 1994;Maxie and Robinson, 2007). According to one group of authors (Duncan, 1974;Maxie and Robinson, 2007) aneurisms are not a part of verminous arteritis and the common finding within this disease is thickening of the arterial wall. Contrary to them some authors are of the opinion that aneurisms are a regular finding within verminous arteritis (Forenbacher, 1983;Klei et al, 1990), while there are some authors which are of the opinion that aneurisms can be a finding, but not on a regular bases (Rooney and Robertson, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Morphological findings in the cranial mesenteric artery of horses with verminous arteritis

Marinković¹,

Aleksić-Kovačević²,

Krstić³

et al. 2009

Acta vet. (Beogr.)

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Cranial mesenteric arteries of 18 sacrificed necropsied horses of both sexes and different age groups were described in this paper. After macroscopic examination tissue samples for pathohistological examinations were routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin eosine (HE), Weigert van Gieson and Periodic-Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on selected sections using avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique for ásmooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Enlarged, thickened cranial mesenteric arteries with a hardelastic consistency and narrowed lumen, were macroscopically evident in all examined sick horses. Live larvae of Strongylus vulgaris, situated free in the lumen, or attached to the intima of the blood vessel or incorporated in the thrombus were noted macroscopically in 37.5% examined sick horses. Inflammatory and fibrous changes were noticed and were present in the intima, media and adventitia of the blood vessel. The inflammatory infiltrate in the intima of the cranial mesenteric artery consisted of eosinophils, macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes and rare multinucleated giant cells and was situated mostly close to the Strongylus vulgaris larvae. Beside inflammatory changes, intimal fibrosis and extension, characterized by increased proliferation of α-SMA positive cells, was notable. Lesions of the internal elastic lamina consequently led to an inflammatory and fibrotic reaction in the tunica media. Fibrosis of the media characterized by the presence of connective tissue cells and fibers, as well as smoothmuscle cells, was present in 93.75% examined sick horses. Inflammation and fibrosis were mildest in the adventitia. Lesions of vasa vasorum were present in 81.25% examined sick animals were characterized by fibrosis, obliteration, perivascular cellular infiltration, mostly with eosinophils and findings of intimal bodies. All described changes are characteristic for cranial mesenteric artery verminous arteritis

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“…But this does not necessarily mean that the parasite caused the disease in each case, as most horses without colic would also have been infected. Although experimental infections have shown that S. vulgaris is a parasite of high pathogenic potential (Duncan 1974; Duncan and Pirie 1975), we are not aware of any studies that have specifically evaluated the role of S. vulgaris in colic. Nevertheless, in the 1960s and 1970s S. vulgaris was recognised as an important cause of colic and was the primary target of parasite control programmes.…”

Section: A Shift In Emphasis: the Downfall Of Strongylus Vulgaris Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evidence‐based approach to equine parasite control: It ain't the 60s anymore

Kaplan

Nielsen

2010

Equine Veterinary Education

182

144

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Summary Most veterinarians continue to recommend anthelmintic treatment programmes for horses that derive from knowledge and concepts more than 40 years old. However, much has changed since these recommendations were first introduced and current approaches routinely fail to provide optimal or even adequate levels of parasite control. There are many reasons for this. Recent studies demonstrate that anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites is highly prevalent and multiple‐drug resistance is common in some countries, but few veterinarians take this into account when making treatment decisions or when recommending rotation of anthelmintics. Furthermore, the current approach of treating all horses at frequent intervals was designed specifically to control the highly pathogenic large strongyle, Strongylus vulgaris. But this parasite is now quite uncommon in managed horses in most of the world. Presently, the cyathostomins (small strongyles) are the principal parasitic pathogens of mature horses. The biology and pathogenesis of cyathostomins and S. vulgaris are very different and therefore require an entirely different approach. Furthermore, it is known that parasites are highly over‐dispersed in hosts, such that a small percentage of hosts harbour most of the parasites. The common practices of recommending the same treatment programme for all horses despite great differences in parasite burdens, recommending prophylactic treatment of all horses without indication of parasitic disease or knowing what species of parasites are infecting the horses, recommending use of drugs without knowledge of their efficacy and failing to perform diagnostic (faecal egg count) surveillance for estimating parasite burdens and determining treatment efficacy, are all incompatible with current standards of veterinary practice. Consequently, it is necessary that attitudes and approaches to parasite control in horses undergo a complete overhaul. This is best achieved by following an evidence‐based approach that takes into account all of these issues and is based on science, not tradition.

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Strongylus vulgaris infection in the horse

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EQUINE STRONGYLOSIS IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND 3. Seasonal Variation in Arterial Populations of Strongylus vulgaris, and the Prevalence of some Helminths

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EQUINE STRONGYLOSIS IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND 3. Seasonal Variation in Arterial Populations of Strongylus vulgaris, and the Prevalence of some Helminths

Morphological findings in the cranial mesenteric artery of horses with verminous arteritis

An evidence‐based approach to equine parasite control: It ain't the 60s anymore

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