Strongyloidiasis and Infection Due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus: 25 Cases at a Brazilian Teaching Hospital, Including Seven Cases of Hyperinfection Syndrome

Ms, Ferreira; A, Nishioka Sde; As, Borges; Jm, Costa-Cruz; Ir, Rossin; Rocha, Aletheia Moraes; Mt, Silvestre; Fr, Nunes-Araújo

doi:10.1086/517188

Cited by 39 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…3,18 In the largest hyperinfection series from Brazil, Canada, and Minnesota, presenting eosinophil counts <400 cellsμL had 100% mortality. 17,18,28 Wheezing was the presenting symptom in 10%. Asthma has been previously reported, 29,30 but this series represents a higher occurrence of wheezing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maltreatment of Strongyloides Infection: Case Series and Worldwide Physicians-in-Training Survey

Boulware

Stauffer

Hendel-Paterson

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Medicine

117

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maltreatment of Strongyloides Infection: Case Series and Worldwide Physicians-in-Training Survey

Boulware

Stauffer

Hendel-Paterson

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Medicine

117

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“…Strongyloidiasis is a severe disease, but it can be clinically inapparent in the majority of patients with infection restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, the systemic invasion of the parasite by its larval stage leads to a fatal hyperinfection syndrome or disseminated strongyloidiasis, particularly in immunocompromised subjects like patients with cancer, organ transplant recipients, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and patients upon corticoids and other immunosuppressive therapy (Ferreira et al 1999, Siddiqui & Berk 2001, Oliveira et al 2002.…”

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confidence: 99%

Strongyloides ratti antigenic components recognized by IgE antibodies in immunoblotting as an additional tool for improving the immunodiagnosis in human strongyloidiasis

Rodrigues

Sopelete

Silva

et al. 2004

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…70,71 Another option in these cases is the administration of ivermectin, a drug used for onchocerciasis, with healing rates around 94%. 70,75,76 This drug is not yet available in Brazil. …”

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confidence: 99%

Enteric parasites and AIDS

Cimerman

Lewi

1999

Sao Paulo Med. J.

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Amongst the causes of diarrhea in developing countries, those of a parasitic origin are prominent in patients with AIDS.Opportunistic infections caused by intestinal parasites also vary according to the geographical area and the endemic levels in each location.The progressive decline of immunological and mucous defense mechanisms predisposes patients to early, intermediary and late gastrointestinal manifestations of HIV infection. 6 At later stages of the disease, the alterations in non-specific defense mechanisms in the production of Ig A and the reduction in local immune cell response also progress, thus increasing the susceptibility to a number of intestinal opportunistic pathogens, among which Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli and Microsporidia species are the most prominent. 7After the emergence of AIDS, these parasites, until then known solely in veterinary medicine, were no longer considered as commensal organisms and are nowadays recognized as opportunistic pathogens common to these patients. Infections by these agents constitute a major secondary aggravating factor of the disease, often responsible for worsening the general health conditions, due to manifestations of diarrhea which are difficult to control, sometimes resulting in the death of the patient. CRYPTOSPORIDIASISCryptosporidiasis, a disease caused by an intracellular protozoan named Cryptosporidium sp, was described for the first time in 1907 by Tyzzer. This parasite was considered a commensal up to 1975, when it was identified as the cause of diarrhea in animals. 8 The first manifestation of cryptosporidiasis was reported by Nine et al. in 1976, and the disease became a major concern when the notification of the first 21 patients was given, 14 of whom died of chronic diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium sp infection. 9 It is worth noting that outbreaks of epidemic linked to contaminated water are of extreme importance for the dissemination of this parasite such as the 1993 Milwaukee (USA) cryptosporidiasis outbreak, in which 403,000 human cases were reported, thereby becoming a relevant public health concern.10-12 After this outbreak, it was recommended that immunocompromised patients should be extremely careful with water, foodstuffs and contact with animals.Cryptosporidiasis is distributed over all continents. In Haiti and the African continent the prevalence is 50%, 13 while in the USA it ranges from 3 to 4%.14 In Brazil, due to the continental size of the country, the rates of incidence vary with the location. In the city of São Paulo, for instance, reports have referred to levels around 12.1 to 24.44%. [15][16][17] However, the latest epidemiological report on Brazil, dated February 1998, shows a cryptosporidiasis rate of only 3.5%. 18Cryptosporidiasis in AIDS patients usually causes chronic, bulky and intermittent diarrhea, with liquid non-bloody stools, accompanied by pain and abdominal colic, and a noticeable loss of weight can be observed. 8Asymptomatic cases are rarely described, occurring mostly in developing countries with pati...

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Strongyloidiasis and Infection Due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus: 25 Cases at a Brazilian Teaching Hospital, Including Seven Cases of Hyperinfection Syndrome

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Maltreatment of Strongyloides Infection: Case Series and Worldwide Physicians-in-Training Survey

Maltreatment of Strongyloides Infection: Case Series and Worldwide Physicians-in-Training Survey

Strongyloides ratti antigenic components recognized by IgE antibodies in immunoblotting as an additional tool for improving the immunodiagnosis in human strongyloidiasis

Enteric parasites and AIDS

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