Stripping Chronopotentiometry in Environmental Analysis

Abstract

A review with 101 references on the applications of stripping chronopotentiometry (SCP) to environmental analysis since its development in 1976 is presented. The references are classified into three categories: i) determination of total concentrations of elements, ii) element speciation analyses and iii) theoretical and experimental methods for the study of heavy metal complexation/speciation in the environment. Additionally, some concluding remarks are given and future perspectives of environmental SCP are discussed.

Especiação Dinâmica De Metais Traço Em Ambiente Aquático Usando Cronopotenciometria De Redissolução Anódica

“…Algumas revisões críticas foram publicadas sobre SCP, 88 comparando-a com outras técnicas não-eletroquímicas 89,90 ou com outras técnicas eletroanalíticas. 86,91 Todavia, o número de estudos em que o foco é a especiação dinâmica é menor, devido à maior dificuldade da interpretação desses resultados e ao menor número de modelos teóricos adequados a descrevê-los.…”

A stannum/bismuth/poly(p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) film electrode for measurement of Cd(II) using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry

“…Some recent studies confirm the applicability of BiFE for practical work in environmental trace heavy metal analysis [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and some organic compounds [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The technique of using BiFE has been proved to be useful for the analysis of heavy metal ions in environment [21,22]. Coverage of bismuth-film electrodes with polymeric membrane can enhance the adherence of bismuth particles with glassy carbon and protect the bismuth surface against adsorption of surface-active compounds and formation of intermetallic compounds, such as the use of Nafion-covered bismuth-film electrode [23][24][25] and the Bi/poly(aniline) film electrode [26].…”

Carbon paste electrodes in the new millennium

“…As already shown in the previous section 3.4.1., another recently frequent application of CPEs in stripping potentiometry is their use as the electrode support for metallic films; the advantage of application being again that the electrode surface can easily be renewed compared to metallic film electrodes on solid supports [244,247,249,[344][345][346]. Simultaneously, a series of methods was presented; namely, the determination of lead and cadmium [244,334] or copper [334] when using the MF-CPE configurations, copper and mercury [336] or arsenic [247] at AuF-CPEs, as well as lead and cadmium in parallel at either BiF-CPEs [244,249] or SbF-CPEs [273,337].…”

“…When selecting solely recent review articles [338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346][347][348][349][350], this is the case of generally focused compilations (e.g. [338]), including locally oriented reports [339,340], overviews devoted to particular techniques [341,342], group of analytes [343] and of samples [280,[344][345][346], or some novel types of electrodes [221,[267][268][269][270]347,348] In the electrochemical order of metals, both gold and silver represent the noblest elements and their ionic forms, most frequently Ag(I) and [AuCl 4 ] − , are reducible at the positive potentials. This makes the two metals nearly ideal analytes for the determination at solid electrodes, operating within such potential ranges, including various CPEs.…”