Carbon paste electrodes in the new millennium

Abstract

Abstract:In this review (with 500 refs), both electrochemistry and electroanalysis with carbon paste-based electrodes, sensors, and detectors are of interest, when attention is focused on the research activities in the years of new millennium. Concerned are all important aspects of the field, from fundamental investigations with carbon paste as the electrode material, via laboratory examination of the first electrode prototypes, basic and advanced studies of various electrode processes and other phenomena, up to practical applications to the determination of inorganic ions, complexes, and molecules. The latter is presented in a series of extensive tables, offering a nearly complete survey of methods published within the period of [2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008]. Finally, the latest trends and outstanding achievements are also outlined and future prospects given.© Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Fast and simultaneous determination of Pb2+ and Cu2+ in water samples using a solid paraffin-based carbon paste electrode chemically modified with 2-aminothiazole-silica-gel

“…Some authors from this group are also responsible for the most complete and recent review about the advances in the use of CPEs in electroanalysis. 18 Among chemical modifiers used to prepare CPEs, organofunctionalized silica has received special attention due to the extremely advantageous features presented by silica such as high adsorption capacity, chemical and mechanical stability, insolubility in virtually all solvents and possibility of functionalization with a large variety of groups. Walcarius presented very comprehensive reviews about the contributions of silica-based electrodes to electroanalysis.…”

Analysis of sulfamethoxazole by square wave voltammetry using new carbon paste electrode

“…An irreversible two-electron oxidation voltammetric peak appeared in both cases when 0.005 mol L -1 SMX was present in the solution [29,40]. Also, much lower background current that was obtained for the CPE as compared with the solid glassy carbon, suggests that the proposed CPE electrode could be more sensitive for SMX oxidation [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The higher background current observed for the glassy carbon electrode in Figure 5B stems from the oxygen evolution [43].…”

“…The following electrolyte solutions were used in this research: 0.1 mol L -1 potassium chloride (Synth), 0.1 mol L -1 sodium nitrate containing 0.01 mol L -1 potassium ferricyanide, 0.1 mol L -1 sodium perchlorate; 0.05 mol L -1 sulfuric acid (Merck)/methanol in 70:30 % (v/v) ratio and 0.04 mol L -1 BrittonRobinson (BR) buffer, pH 2.18, prepared by mixing 0.04 mol L -1 boric acid (Carlo Erba), acetic acid and orthophosforic acid (Merck). Mixtures of graphite powder (particle size = 19.2-168.5 µm, Analítica) and mineral oil (Nujol, União Química) were used to prepare the carbon paste [14,16].…”

“…Ralph Norman Adams introduced CPE in 1958 [6][7][8][9]. This electrode consists of a mixture of carbon powder and a non-electroactive liquid binder and offers a broad potential window, low residual current (background), unique surface characteristics, low cost, and versatile preparation [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

An application of a glassy carbon electrode and a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes in electroanalytical determination of oxycarboxin

“…An alternative to them are electrochemical techniques, which are characterized by satisfactory sensitivity, lower apparatus cost, and simpler and faster operation. The most commonly used as working electrodes in electroanalytical chemistry are carbonbased electrodes, such as graphite [11][12][13], glassy carbon [14,15], or carbon paste electrodes [16,17]. In order to improve the sensitivity and detection limit of the bare carbon-based electrodes, the modification of their surfaces can be performed with nanomaterials, such as for example graphene [18][19][20][21][22], carbon nanotubes [23][24][25][26], metal nanoparticles [21,27,28], etc.…”