Stresses of the childbearing year.

Functional Status After Childbirth and Related Concepts

“…The hypothesis was approaching significance, and the selfcare and social-community activities subscales were significant. Findings across prior studies do indicate significant relationships (Larsen, 1966;McVeigh, 1997bMcVeigh, , 2000bTulman et al 1990;. As previously presented, methodological problems might have affected the testing of these hypotheses.…”

Modeling the Quality of Women's Birth Experience

“…The crisis character and critical nature of a first pregnancy and childbirth in a female's life have long been recognized (Benedek, 1970;Bibring et al, 1961;Haas, 1952;Larsen, 1966;Menninger, 1943). Shainess (1963), in fact, referred to this period as a "crucible tempering the self' and recognized the possibility that the tempering process might go awry, resulting in damage to the self and, by implication, to the self s relationships with others.…”

Identifying social support components in prenatal populations: A multivariate analysis on alcohol consumption

“…Unfavorable attitudes toward the pregnancy have been shown to contribute to this state of emotional disequilibrium (Zajicek & Wolkind, 1978;Nilsson & Almgren, 1979) and lack of social support during pregnancy has been associated with both poor attitudes toward the pregnancy (Nilsson & Almgren, 1979) and with increased emotional disequilibrium during pregnancy (Nilsson & Almgren, 1979;Cohen, 1979;Larsen, 1966;Westbrook, 1978;Shereshefsky & Yarrow, 1973;Gordon & Gordon, 1957;Norbeck & Tilden, 1983). One study which rank-ordered stressful life events and circumstances experienced during pregnancy in order of impact on adjustment to pregnancy found that a deficient support system was ranked second in impact, followed only by environmental stressors which a woman perceived as damaging to the fetus (Helper, Cohen, Beitenman, & Eaton, 1968).…”