Stress simulation and cracking prediction of corn kernels during hot-air drying

Wei, Shuo; Xiao, Bo; Xie, Weijun; Wang, Fenghe; Chen, Pengxiao; Yang, Dongya

doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2020.01.007

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…2. It can be observed that the decreasing rate of water content remained almost constant and the decline seemed to be linear, which was almost consistent with the conclusion of previous research 28 . Corn kernels contained three water in three forms – free water, immobilized water, and bound water – with the highest being the free water content.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…It can be observed that the decreasing rate of water content remained almost constant and the decline seemed to be linear, which was almost consistent with the conclusion of previous research. 28 Corn kernels contained three water in three formsfree water, immobilized water, and bound waterwith the highest being the free water content. However, because the corn kernels were coated with waxy layers, the free water could not be removed rapidly during the drying process, resulting in an approximately uniform water loss throughout the drying process.…”

Section: Analysis Of Water Content and Water Status In Corn Kernels D...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nondestructive detection of water status and distribution in corn kernels during hot air drying using multispectral imaging

Ren

Liu

et al. 2023

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUND The characteristics of corn kernels are strongly connected with the content of three statuses of water: bound water, immobilized water, and free water. Monitoring different water contents is very important to optimize the drying process, improve corn quality, and reduce energy consumption. The feasibility of nondestructive detection of water status and its distribution in corn kernels during the hot‐air drying process using multispectral imaging was investigated. RESULTS The chemometric methods used to develop prediction models were back propagation neural network, least‐squares support vector machine, and partial least squares. The back propagation neural network achieved the best prediction performance for total and free water contents, with correlation coefficient of prediction (Rp) of 0.9717 and 0.9782 respectively, root‐mean‐square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 4.48% and 2.54% respectively, and ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of 4.87 and 4.29 respectively. And partial least squares was better for the prediction of immobilized and bound water contents, with Rp of 0.9612 and 0.9798 respectively, RMSEP of 0.57% and 0.06% respectively, and RPD of 4.78 and 4.42 respectively. CONCLUSION It could be concluded that multispectral imaging combined with chemometric methods would be a promising technique for rapid and nondestructive detection of water status and its distribution in corn kernels. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Analysis Of Water Content and Water Status In Corn Kernels D...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nondestructive detection of water status and distribution in corn kernels during hot air drying using multispectral imaging

Ren

Liu

et al. 2023

J Sci Food Agric

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“…According to Fra nco et al ( 2019), intermittent drying minimizes the thermal damages (cracks) caused to the product by reducing the temperature on the grain surface during the process. Also, Wei et al (2020) reported that drying stress on maize grains is mainly caused by the moisture gradient because of the difference between the convective heat transfer on the surface corn and the internal diffusion. The hard endosperm is the main component of the corn grain, where stress cracks are developed in the initial stage of the drying process, being more significant for continuous drying because of the moisture drying compared to intermittent drying, as shown in Figure 5.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopy of maize grains subjected to continuous and intermittent drying

et al. 2022

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Drying is an important step in the post-harvest processes as a way of product conservation and quality preservation. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of continuous and intermittent drying of maize grains with different rest periods on the integrity of their micro- and macroscopic structures. Maize grains were harvested with a moisture content of 0.3399 ± 0.001 dry basis (db) and subjected to continuous and intermittent drying with 4, 8, 12, and 16 hours of rest period. An experimental fixed-bed dryer, with controlled drying air conditions at a temperature of 100 °C and air flow of 1.5 m3 min.−1 m−2 (12 m3 min.−1 m−3), was used. Continuous drying was completed with a moisture content of 0.1628 ± 0.0003 db, whereas intermittent drying was interrupted with 0.2195 ± 0.0002 db and resumed after rest. The drying rate, integrity through grain images, the conformation of particles through scanning electron microscopy, and cell membrane integrity were evaluated. The drying rate increased with an increase in the rest period, the increase in rest period reduced the intensity of cracks, and the reduction in rest period led to higher dispersion and reduction in the size of starch granules and lower integrity of cell membranes.

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“…Considering that the grains have limited elastic and plastic capacity to withstand very high mechanical stresses, the continuous drying may cause thermal and physical stresses, resulting in damage to their structure and leading to greater leakage of cellular content into the soaking solution for shorter tempering time (Barbosa de Lima et al, 2016a). According to Wei et al (2020), due to the disproportion recorded during drying with the reduction of moisture content, the gradient generated between the moisture content inside the grain and its surface increases the level of damage.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy efficiency and physical integrity of maize grains subjected to continuous and intermittent drying

Mabasso

Siqueira

Quequeto

et al. 2021

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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Grain drying is a common process, due to its need for the maintenance of quality, but it is the activity with the highest energy demand among the postharvest stages. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different tempering times on the energy efficiency of drying process and maintenance of cell membrane integrity of maize grains harvested with moisture content at 0.34 ± 0.01 d.b. The grains were dried in an experimental fixed-bed dryer with control of temperature and air flow conditions. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five tempering times (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 hours) and four repetitions, where zero corresponds to continuous drying, while the remaining times correspond to the intermittent dryings. The grains were dried at the temperature of 100 ºC and air flow of 15.4 m3 min-1 t-1 until reaching moisture content of 0.16 ± 0.03 d.b. For intermittent drying, the process was interrupted with 0.22 ± 0.02 d.b. and restarted after the tempering time. The increase of tempering time led to reductions in effective drying time, specific energy consumption, electrical conductivity and damage and increase in the drying rate and overall energy efficiency. Intermittent drying reduced the drying time, being 30.25% more efficient than continuous drying.

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Stress simulation and cracking prediction of corn kernels during hot-air drying

Cited by 28 publications

References 27 publications

Nondestructive detection of water status and distribution in corn kernels during hot air drying using multispectral imaging

Nondestructive detection of water status and distribution in corn kernels during hot air drying using multispectral imaging

Microscopy of maize grains subjected to continuous and intermittent drying

Energy efficiency and physical integrity of maize grains subjected to continuous and intermittent drying

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