Stress-relaxation properties of plant cell walls with special reference to auxin action

Yamamoto, Ryōichi; Shinozaki, Kichiro; Masuda, Yoshio

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a074586

Cited by 123 publications

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“…Collectively, these data suggest that hemicellulosic components in dwarf mutants of barley may be closely related to the stress relaxation times and relaxation rates as reported previously for Avena coleoptiles (19,20) and azuki bean epicotyls (16)(17)(18). Mechanical properties of cell walls of the fourth internode of brittle and nonbrittle strain were measured by a stress relaxation analysis (28). The results, however, failed to show significant differences in the minimum stress relaxation times and relaxation rates between brittle and nonbrittle barley (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Culm Strength of Barley

Kokubo¹,

Kuraishi²,

Sakurai³

1989

Plant Physiol.

149

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Grass culms are known to differ in breaking strength, but there is little physicochemical data to explain the response. The fourth intemode of four brittle and two nonbrittle barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) strains were used for physical and chemical studies of culm strength. Inner and outer culm diameters of brittle strains (3.6 ± 0.2 and 5.0 ± 0.1 millimeters) were not significantly different from those of nonbritte strains (3.9 ± 0.2 and 5.2 ± 0.2 millimeters). Maximum bending stress, at which the culm was broken, was 192 ± 34 g/mm2 for brittle and 490 ± 38 g/mm2 for nonbrittle strains. Wall thickness and cell dimensions of epidermal, sclerenchyma, and parenchyma cells were measured in culm cross sections. The area of cell wall per unit cell area for each tissue was significantly correlated with the maximum bending stress (r = 0.93 for epidermis, 0.90 for sclerenchyma, and 0.84 for parenchyma). Cell walls of brittle culms had 6 to 64% as much cellulose content as those of nonbrittle culms. Maximum bending stress correlated significantly with cellulose content of the cell walls (r = 0.93), but not with the contents of noncellulosic compounds. The lower cellulose content of the brittle culm was significantly correlated with brittleness.Brittle (fragile) culms have been investigated mainly from the genetical view-point using maize (3), rice (9,15,23), and barley (24,25). The stiff culm of barley has been studied physiologically (6, 7). The maximum bending stress and hardness of the stiff culm was twice that of normal culms (6), although the Young's modulus ofboth culms differed by only 16% (7). The chemical nature of the cell walls of stiff and brittle culms has not been studied. Nagao and Takahashi (15) suggested that there was a lower cellulose content in the cell wall of brittle rice culms without providing experimental evidence.Two hundred and forty barley mutants (OUM2 were produced by treating uzu Akashinriki, a semi-dwarf cultivar, with ethylene methane sulfonate (10). Among them, ' Supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Science Research (No. 63110007) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan.2Abbreviations: OUM, Okayama University mutant; chloramine-T, N-chloro-4-methylbenzensulfonamide sodium salt; mam, maximum bending stress; Pmax, maximum load. OUM 5, 77, 97, 105, 125, 131, 133, 136, 148 showed slower coleoptile elongation than Akashinriki (normal), which had isogenic genes of these mutants except for semidwarf gene. Coleoptile of the mutant strains, including uzu Akashinriki, had a lower IAA content than Akashinriki (normal). Close correlation between growth rate and endogenous IAA content (r = 0.907) suggested that dwarfism ofthese strains was caused by reduced IAA content (8).Three strains (OUM 40, OUM 41, and OUM 42) had slow rates of stem elongation and were found to have brittle culms (1 1), although hormonal studies on the dwarfism has not been completed. Experiments were performed to study the cause of culm brittleness of these three strains by comparing maximum bending st...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Culm Strength of Barley

Kokubo¹,

Kuraishi²,

Sakurai³

1989

Plant Physiol.

149

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“…The wall parameters of the lower tissue show an over-all decrease in S/ E, T,, and T., but no change in Tm. These trends are characteristic of an IAA effect on the cell wall (1,15,16) decrease in S/E,%, and T. in the lower tissue is probably due to an increase in auxin in that tissue. Since auxin causes a decrease in S/E, -r, and T., it seems likely that its action is primarily or initially on those polymers that are least resistant to deformation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The heterogeneous nature of the cell wall of oat coleoptiles could be fitted adequately by a 4-component Maxwell model (15,16) MATERIALS AND METHODS Victory I oats (Avena sativa) were soaked in warm water (about 50 C) for 2.5 hr. They were stored at 2 to 6 C for 20 hr before planting on lucite bars covered with moist filter paper which were set in a covered pan partially filled with water.…”

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Kinetics of Stress Relaxation Properties of Oat Coleoptile Cell Wall after Geotropic Stimulation

Shen-Miller

1973

Plant Physiol.

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This study describes the stress relaxation of the cell wall of oat (Avena sativa) coleoptiles after different periods of geotropic stimulation. The upper and lower tissues (with respect to gravity) of geotrophically stimulated coleoptiles exhibit different wall properties. The lower tissues are less resistant to deformation than the upper. The ratio of stress to strain is significatly less in the lower than in the upper tissue. Similarly, the relaxation time and the minimum relaxation time, derived from the Maxwell model which describes the physical characteristics of polymers, are also shorter in the lower tissue. However, the maximum relaxation time shows no difference between the upper and lower tissues of a geotropically stimulated coleoptile. The differences between the tissues begin at about 8 minutes after the commencement of stimulation, similar to the time for the initiation of dictyosome redistribution, and precede the onset of geotropism. The above responses of the cell wail of the lower tissue are similar to those induced by indoleacetic acid. The parameters of wall properties of the coleoptiles of both the control and the geostimulated fluctuate rhythmically with time. The periodic changes in wall properties of the coleoptile are compared to other cyclic physiological phenomena.The congregation of dictyosomes (individual stacks of cisternae of the Golgi apparatus) in the bottom of a cell upon geotropic stimulation, and the increased activity (vesicle production) of this organelle in the same part of the cell, have prompted us to suggest that the Golgi apparatus participates in geotropism (11). Furthermore, the change in dictyosome distribution and activation occur before the onset of the tropistic curvature (11). Cell wall loosening is a prerequisite to cell elongation (17), and dictyosomes are closely related to wall deposition (3,8). We now ask, when do the changes in the stress relaxation properties of the coleoptile wall occur, with particular reference to the changes in the dictyosome after different periods of stimulation by gravity?Introductory Considerations. Cell walls of living tissue exhibit viscoelastic characteristics (see discussion by Lockhart [7] Maxwell model of a viscoelastic material, consisting of a spring connected in series with a dashpot, has been used in describing the stress relaxation properties of a polymer. A "generalized" Maxwell model consists of an infinite number of Maxwell models in parallel (4) showing a continuous spectrum of relaxation times. When the Maxwell assembly (Fig. 1) is subjected to a sudden extension (strain), which is then maintained at a fixed level, the initial extension is only in the spring. As time proceeds the springs contract and the dashpots extend. When this happens, the force (stress) required to maintain the strain relaxes. Hence, relaxation time, T, is MATERIALS AND METHODS Victory I oats (Avena sativa) were soaked in warm water (about 50 C) for 2.5 hr. They were stored at 2 to 6 C for 20 hr before planting on lucite bars covered wi...

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“…The Table 1 general body is the generalized Voigt model {15). Its relaxation analogy is the generalized Maxwell-Viechert model (25). The interest of such analogy is to distinguish s p , e e i, et, £r> £ d, graphically, which is much better than using an equation, and to link the various parameters more efficiently to the verifications of the physical theories.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensibility and rheology of collenchyma I. Creep relaxation and viscoelasticity of young and senescent cells

Jaccard

Pilet

1975

Plant and Cell Physiology

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The extensibility of collenchyma cells was methodologically analyzed; extensibility (elasticity and plasticity) and rheology of this tissue are discussed. Experimental conditions are described. Rheological data for young and senescent cells were obtained; they were found to be not Boltzmannian. The permanent strain is not viscous, and is larger for young cells than older ones.Previous observations (17, 18) have shown that collenchyma cells are useful for extensibility experiments. The problem of the extensibility of these cells will be considered here methodologically. In order to describe the analyzing technique, the results of creep relaxation will be compared with those related to physical analysis of polymers. First, several general questions have to be discussed.Clearly, the elongation rate is related both to turgor pressure and deformability of the wall (8,20). On the other hand, wall extensibility is essential for growing cells (5,14). It depends on the metabolism and has been very often associated with protein formation (4, 7). The deformability of the wall can be analyzed also by comparing it with the physical properties of some polymers. The aim of such assays is to discover the physical nature of the wall by analyzing stress relaxation by rheological measurements. This can be easily done by simple tension with a pulled bar.Measuring extensibility and deformability is not an easy task; the stress developed in the cell wall is not a simple tension, but a hydrostatic one. A cellular model was proposed (11) and is presented in Fig.

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Stress-relaxation properties of plant cell walls with special reference to auxin action

Cited by 123 publications

References 0 publications

Culm Strength of Barley

Culm Strength of Barley

Kinetics of Stress Relaxation Properties of Oat Coleoptile Cell Wall after Geotropic Stimulation

Extensibility and rheology of collenchyma I. Creep relaxation and viscoelasticity of young and senescent cells

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