Culm Strength of Barley

Kokubo, Akira; Kuraishi, Susumu; Sakurai, Naoki

doi:10.1104/pp.91.3.876

Cited by 149 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Chapin 1980;Lambers & Poorter 1992). The higher amount of cell wall material in leaves of species from nutrient-limited environments points to an increase in the strength (Bell 1981;Kokubu, Kuraishi & Sakurai 1990) and reduced digestibility (Bazzaz et al 1987;Kephart, Buxton & Hill 1990) of the leaves of species from environments where the nutrient supply is scarce. Both fast-and slow-growing grasses show a higher concentration of cell wall components under limiting nitrate supply.…”

Section: Ecological Implications '• • • • Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of nitrogen supply on the anatomy and chemical composition of leaves of four grass species belonging to the genus Poa, as determined by image‐processing analysis and pyrolysis–mass spectrometry

Arendonk

Niemann

Boon

et al. 1997

Plant Cell & Environment

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Previous experiments have shown that the anatomy and chemical composition of leaves of inherently fast‐ and slow‐growing grass species, grown at non‐limiting nitrogen supply, differ systematically. The present experiment was carried out to investigate whether these differences persist when the plants are grown at an intermediate or a very low nitrogen supply. To this end, the inherently fast‐growing Poa annua L. and Poa trivialis L., and the inherently slow‐growing Poa compressa L. and Poa pratensis (L.) Schreb. were grown hydroponically at three levels of nitrate supply: at optimum (RGRmax) and at relative addition rates of 100 and 50 mmol N (mol N)−1 d−1 (RAR100 and RAR50), respectively. As expected, at the lowest N supply, the potentially fast‐growing species grew at the same rate as the inherently slow‐growing ones. Similarly, the differences in leaf area ratio (LAR, leaf area:total dry mass), specific leaf area (SLA, leaf arear:leaf dry mass) and leaf mass ratio (LMR, leaf dry mass:total dry mass) disappeared. Under optimal conditions, the fast‐growing species differed from the slow‐growing ones in that they had a higher N concentration. There were no significant differences in C concentration. With decreasing N supply, the total N concentration decreased and the differences between the species disappeared. The total C concentration increased for the fast‐growing species and decreased for the slow‐growing ones, i.e. the small, but insignificant, difference in C concentration between the species at RGRmax increased with decreasing N supply. The chemical composition of the leaves at low N supply, analysed in more detail by pyrolysis–mass spectrometry, showed an increase in the relative amounts of guaiacyl lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas those of syringyl lignin and protein decreased. The anatomy and morphology of the leaves of the four grass species differing in RGRmax were analysed by image‐processing analysis. The proportion of the total volume occupied by mesophyll plus intercellular spaces and epidermis did not correlate with the amount of leaf mass per unit leaf area (specific leaf mass, SLM) at different N supply. The higher SLM at low N supply was caused partly by a high proportion of non‐veinal sclerenchymatic cells per cross‐section and partly by the smaller volume of epidermal cells. We conclude that the decrease in relative growth rate (and increase in SLM) at decreasing N supply is partly due to chemical and anatomical changes. The differences between the fast‐ and slow‐growing grass species at an optimum nutrient supply diminished when plants were growing at a limiting nitrogen supply.

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Section: Ecological Implications '• • • • Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of nitrogen supply on the anatomy and chemical composition of leaves of four grass species belonging to the genus Poa, as determined by image‐processing analysis and pyrolysis–mass spectrometry

Arendonk

Niemann

Boon

et al. 1997

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…Our previous study (15) of brittle culms of three barley mutants generated by a mutagen and Kamairazu mutant whose genetic background was not known revealed that the mutants contain less cellulose in the cell wall than the normal strains. Comparison between normal and isogenic brittle strains is necessary for genetic and biochemical analyses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chemical compositions and physical strength of the cell wall were also determined. (15). Sections (7 cm) of the fourth internode kept in methanol were rehydrated for 2 h in 300 mL of deionized water at room temperature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…were measured microscopically. rmax was calculated as described in our previous paper (15 (19), to avoid the probable shrinkage of cell walls, which is often observed with fixing reagents containing alcohol. Cross-sections from the middle of the internode of the fixed culms were carefully cut perpendicularly to the culm axis with a razor blade.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cross-sections from the middle of the internode of the fixed culms were carefully cut perpendicularly to the culm axis with a razor blade. The ratio of cross-sectional area of cell wall to cross-sectional area of epidermis, collenchyma3, and parenchyma tissue was determined by the method reported previously (15).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Culm Brittleness of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Mutants Is Caused by Smaller Number of Cellulose Molecules in Cell Wall

Kokubo

Sakurai²,

Kuraishi³

et al. 1991

Plant Physiol.

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The physicochemical nature of the cell wall was determined in the fourth internode of three isogenic brittle mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and corresponding nonbrittle strains. Cellulose contents of the brittle culms were 17.5 to 20.3% of those of corresponding nonbrittle strains. No major difference was found in lignin and noncellulose components (except glucose) between brittle and nonbnttle strains. Maximum bending stresses of brittle culms were 38.0 to 54.2% of those of corresponding nonbrittle strains. The degree of polymerization of cellulose, measured by viscometry, was similar between the brittle and the nonbrittle strains. Mole number of cellulose molecules in a unit length of brittle culms, calculated by dividing cellulose mass by molecular weight, was 7.7 to 17.3% of those of the nonbrittle strains. These results indicate that brittleness of mutant culms is due to fewer numbers of cellulose molecules in the cell walls.Our previous study (15) of brittle culms of three barley mutants generated by a mutagen and Kamairazu mutant whose genetic background was not known revealed that the mutants contain less cellulose in the cell wall than the normal strains. Comparison between normal and isogenic brittle strains is necessary for genetic and biochemical analyses.The low cellulose content in the mutants could be due to a lower level of UDP-Glc, breakdown of cellulose-forming enzymes, disordered cellulose-forming complex (terminal complex), and low production of cellulose-forming enzymes. Determination of mol wt of cellulose produced in the mutants affords a clue to the mechanism of brittleness and decreased cellulose content. If the mol wt of cellulose in the mutants is less than that in normal strains, less cellulose content results from the lower mol wt. Alternatively, if the mol wt ofcellulose of the mutant is similar to that in the normal strains, then fewer cellulose-forming complexes is the cause. Furthermore, determination of mol wt of cellulose can afford a clue to the complex mechanism of cellulose synthesis including assembly ofcellulose-forming enzymes, interaction ofthe enzymes with plasma membrane, and movement of the enzyme assembly, '

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Occurrence, Function and Biosynthesis of Lignins

Monties¹,

Fukushima

2001

Biopolymers Online

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Introduction Historical Outline Occurrence in the Plant Kingdom According to Type of Plant According to Plant Tissue Contribution to Dry Matter Annual Global Synthesis Ultrastructure of Wood and Lignocellulose Role of Lignin in the Biopolymer Matrix Interactions with Other Cell‐wall Polymers Functions of Lignin Stability of Plant Tissues Protection against Biodegradation Regulation of Water Transport Other Functions Related to Plant Evolution and Systematics Precursors of Biosynthesis Biosynthesis Transport Established Pathways Radical Polymerization Labeling Experiments Recent Findings, Hypotheses, and Controversies Regulation of Lignification Expression of Enzymes and Genes Effects of Genetic Manipulation Patents

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Culm Strength of Barley

Cited by 149 publications

References 9 publications

Effects of nitrogen supply on the anatomy and chemical composition of leaves of four grass species belonging to the genus Poa, as determined by image‐processing analysis and pyrolysis–mass spectrometry

Effects of nitrogen supply on the anatomy and chemical composition of leaves of four grass species belonging to the genus Poa, as determined by image‐processing analysis and pyrolysis–mass spectrometry

Culm Brittleness of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Mutants Is Caused by Smaller Number of Cellulose Molecules in Cell Wall

Occurrence, Function and Biosynthesis of Lignins

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