Stress Levels and Mental Well-Being among Slovak Students during e-Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Rutkowska, Anna; Líška, Dávid; Cieślik, Błażej; Wrzeciono, Adam; Broďáni, Jaroslav; Barcalová, Miroslava; Gurín, Daniel; Rutkowski, Sebastian

doi:10.3390/healthcare9101356

Cited by 38 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…The mean PSS score was 19.82 in Czech Republic and 19.28 in Slovak Republic. The perception of stress by Slovak students in this study was in line with the study by Rutkowska et al ( 61 ). A slightly higher mean score was reported by French students (21.9) ( 97 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Similar results have been shown in the Czech general population ( 58 , 59 ). In addition to depression and anxiety ( 60 ), Slovak students also showed increased levels of stress during the pandemic ( 61 ). There is less evidence in Czech Republic, but even in that country, it was possible to speak of worrying levels of stress, depression, and anxiety during the pandemic, not only among students but also in the general population ( 48 , 62 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internet Addiction, Symptoms of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, Stress Among Higher Education Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Gavurová

Khouri

Ivanková

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Poor mental health is a growing concern among young people during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of Internet addiction with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and stress in higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to examine these mental health problems in the context of study-related characteristics. The research sample consisted of 3,099 participants from the Czech Republic (CZ: 1,422) and Slovak Republic (SK: 1,677). The Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire for depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were used to measure mental health problems. The analyses also included demographic data (gender and age) and study-related characteristics (form of study, degree of study, field of study, distance between college and home, and housing during the semester). Based on the results of frequency and descriptive analyses, the prevalence of mental health problems was high. The most serious levels of Internet addiction (IAT cut-off point ≥ 50), to which attention should be paid, were found in 3.5% of Czech and 6.2% of Slovak students. Using the standard cut-off point of GAD-7 ≥ 10, 14.1% of Czech and 11.6% of Slovak students were identified with anxiety symptoms. Regarding the PHQ-9 with the cut-off point ≥ 10, 23.4% of Czech and 19.1% of Slovak students had depressive symptoms, which should be addressed. Using the PSS cut-off point ≥ 27, 12.9% of Czech students and 9.1% of Slovak students perceived high stress. The quantile regression analysis showed that Internet addiction was positively associated with anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and stress in all of the analyzed cases (p-value < 0.001). In terms of study-related characteristics, the binomial logistic regression analysis revealed that risk factors for mental health problems in Czech and Slovak students were mainly full-time form of study and living away from home during the semester. Internet addiction, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and stress are issues that require increased attention, and professionals and policy-makers should implement interventions to effectively prevent and help students with psychological problems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet Addiction, Symptoms of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, Stress Among Higher Education Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Gavurová

Khouri

Ivanková

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…According to the authors' analysis in reviews of literature, the prevalence of stress and depression in the general population as a result of the pandemic is 29 % and 33 % respectively ( 12 ) and 36% of stress and 28% of depression ( 13 ). It has also been observed that about 30% of students have symptoms of depression and 50% increased levels of perceived stress, during the COVID-19 pandemic ( 14 , 15 ). The studies presented show that students are in a group exposed to higher levels of perceived stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental Health Conditions Among E-Learning Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Rutkowska

Cieślik

Tomaszczyk

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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AimThe COVID-19 pandemic has forced the education system to undergo changes, which have also affected universities. E-learning became the main form of education, reducing interpersonal contacts, which could affect the mental wellbeing of students. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and the level of perceived stress during e-learning among Polish students and to identify the factors for predicting higher levels of depression symptoms.MethodsThe study included 753 participants with a mean age of 22.47 (±4.02) years. The Perception of Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) were used to measure the severity of stress and level of depression. Furthermore, our own survey was used to assess the impact of e-learning on various aspects of life. To examine how much stress can explain a statistically significant amount of variance in depression, three-step hierarchical multiple regression was used. In addition, our own questionnaire was used to assess the impact of e-learning on education, social contacts and technical abilities.ResultsA total of 58% of the students characterized by an increased level of stress. 56% show symptoms of depression and 18% of the participants had suicidal thoughts. The most significant predictor of depression is high stress levels and factors related to e-learning: isolation from friends and acquaintances, negative impact on level of knowledge, reduced motivation to learn, and worsening grades. This predictors may explain about 66% of the variance of depression.ConclusionUniversities should implement interventions and educational programmes, providing ad hoc assistance in the form of individual or group meetings with a psychologist (also in a remote form) and organizing workshops and webinars on strategies for managing stress.

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“…In our study in a group of medical students, the level of stress on the PSS-10 scale was 21.10 ± 5.89 points and was slightly lower than that presented in Rogowska’s research conducted in a similar period and in the study group of students with 23.53 ± 4.76 points [ 28 ]. Rutkowska’s research conducted at the same time showed a stress level of 20.85 ± 5.63 [ 29 ]. We conducted our study to assess the perceived stress in two groups of students of one medical faculty but at different stages of life, taking into account that the first group was just starting their education and the second group was almost at its end.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Satisfaction and Perceived Stress versus Health Promoting Behavior among Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Badura-Brzoza

Dębski

Główczyński

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate health-promoting behaviors as a factor supporting life satisfaction and a protective factor against stress in a group of Polish medical students during the third wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Material: The study was conducted in October–December 2021. There were 306 people, including 203 students in the 1st year of medicine, aged 20.42 ± 1.92 years, and 103 students in the 5th year of medicine, aged 24.88 ± 1.7 years. Methods: The following were used: the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Health Behavior Inventory (IZZ), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). The survey was conducted online. Results: In the study group, the average result of 23.66 ± 5.97 was obtained in the life satisfaction questionnaire. In the overall assessment of health behaviors (IZZ), an average score of 80.06 ± 13.81 points was obtained. In the PSS-10 questionnaire, the respondents obtained an average of 21.10 ± 5.89 points. There were significant, negative correlations between the results obtained in the health behavior inventory with the results obtained in the stress scale and positive correlations with the results obtained in the life satisfaction scale. Moreover, in the assessment of the influence of prohealth behavior parameters on perceived stress and life satisfaction, a positive effect of PMA on life satisfaction was demonstrated, as well as a protective effect of Positive Mental Attitude (PMA) and Prohealth Activities (PhA) in relation to stress. Conclusions: Life in the period of the third wave of the pandemic was assessed by medical students as moderately satisfactory. Significant intensity of stress negatively correlated with life satisfaction. Health-promoting behaviors, and especially positive mental attitudes, seem to play a protective role in stressful situations and improve life satisfaction.

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Stress Levels and Mental Well-Being among Slovak Students during e-Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 38 publications

References 47 publications

Internet Addiction, Symptoms of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, Stress Among Higher Education Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Internet Addiction, Symptoms of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, Stress Among Higher Education Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Mental Health Conditions Among E-Learning Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Life Satisfaction and Perceived Stress versus Health Promoting Behavior among Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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