“…In animals, acute exposure to electric shocks (Keller, Weiss, Schleifer, Miller, & Stein, 1983), social defeat (Fleshner, Laudenslager, Simons, & Maier, 1989; review by Bohus & Koolhaas, 1991), maternal separation (Coe, Rosenberg, & Levine, 1988;Laudenslager, Held, Boccia, Reite, & Cohen, 1990), rotation (Esterling & Rabin, 1987)), the odor of a stressed conspecific (Zalcman, Richter, & Anisman, 1989), immersion in cold water (Jiang, MorrowTesch, Beller, Levy, & Black, 1990), restraint (Bonneau, Sheridan, Feng, & Glaser, 1991a, 1991b, handling (Moynihan et al, 1990), intraperitoneal injection of saline (Moynihan, Koota, Brenner, Cohen, & Ader, 1989), and loud noise (Monjan & Collector, 1977) have all been shown to suppress some aspect of immunity. Chronic stressors such as crowding (Rabin, Lyte, Epstein, & Caggiula, 1987) have also been examined.…”