Stress Ecology

Barrett, Gary W.; Dyne, George M. Van; Odum, Eugene P.

doi:10.2307/1297248

Cited by 91 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The term "stress ecology" was used occasionally in the 1970s and 1980s (10,11) but became institutionalized in the field of ecotoxicology and ERA because of the 2003 paper by Van Straalen (12). Contemporary definitions of ecology and stress are combined in chemical stress ecology, which is the study of the consequences of chemically induced changes in a biological FIGURE 1.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Risk Assessment: From Book-Keeping to Chemical Stress Ecology

Brink

2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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To best address the effect of chemicals in the environment, extrapolation from single species to ecosystems must be understood and modeled.Ecotoxicology emerged in the 1970s as the environmental branch of the field of toxicology. As a consequence, its major focus was on investigating the impacts of chemicals on individuals, rather than populations, communities, or ecosystems. Typical ecotoxicity experiments involve testing the effects of a chemical under standard laboratory conditions on individuals of a standard test species. This has yielded a massive amount of historical data, compiled in databases (e.g., www.epa.gov/ecotox) that are used in the ecological risk assessment (ERA) to estimate the environmental consequences of anthropogenic use of chemicals. Because of its focus on standardization, singlespecies tests, prescribed risk assessment methodologies, and flowcharts, ERA often seems more based on bookkeeping than on science. Ecotoxicology, as the science underpinning ERA, should permit itself to grow out of its "single-species" shell because it should focus on the protection of populations and communities in the field (1, 2). The discrepancy between the question posed in ERA and the answer provided by single-species tests is concealed by the use of assessment factors (1).This historical background explains why only a very limited amount of ecological theory has become integrated into the field of ecotoxicology and ERA. As a result, sciencebased, ecosystem-level risk assessment methodologies have hardly been developed. To counteract this ecological deficiency in ERA, frameworks have been proposed to integrate some level of ecology into decision making (e.g., 3, 4). During the past decade, great progress toward this integration has been made on the experimental side (e.g., 5, 6) and some also on the modeling side (e.g., 7, 8). The understanding of how populations, communities, and ecosystems are affected by chemicals could be increased by integrating the fields of toxicology, chemistry, ecology, and bioinformatics at different levels of biological organization. The development of methods to extrapolate this improved understanding to untested situations would then greatly improve the ERA of chemicals (9); Figure 1).I designate this integrative field as the scientific area of "chemical stress ecology", which I regard as a subdomain of the recognized field of stress ecology. The term "stress ecology" was used occasionally in the 1970s and 1980s (10, 11) but became institutionalized in the field of ecotoxicology and ERA because of the 2003 paper by Van Straalen (12). Contemporary definitions of ecology and stress are combined in chemical stress ecology, which is the study of the consequences of chemically induced changes in a biological RHONDA SAUNDERS PAUL VAN DEN BRINK FIGURE 1. Conceptual framework for the propagation of effects across different levels of organization and spatiotemporal extrapolation. The vertical axis denotes the propagation of effects to higher levels of biological organization while expl...

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confidence: 99%

Ecological Risk Assessment: From Book-Keeping to Chemical Stress Ecology

Brink

2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…During spring and summer the TFW and many other Mediterranean wetlands are characterized by water stress with a large availability of muddy areas of high trophic value for these species that are mainly migrants and use these areas as stop-over sites (Zacchei et al, 2011). In this sense the water stress, known as a selective seasonal disturbance for many water-related species (Battisti et al, 2004;Battisti et al, 2006;Redolfi De Zan et al, 2011), may be considered an opportunity for these specialized species (for a review on the species-specific concepts of stress, disturbance and opportunity see Barrett et al, 1976;Sousa, 1984;Petraitis et al, 1989;Brawn et al, 2001). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waders (Aves, Charadriiformes) in a Mediterranean remnant wetland: a year-round pilot study evidences contrasting patterns in diversity metrics

et al. 2015

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-Around a yearly cycle (August 2011 -July 2012), we studied the assemblages of waders (Aves Charadriiformes) occurring in a Mediterranean remnant wetland, obtaining a set of diversity metrics. Mean total abundance shows a complementary pattern when compared to species richness and diversity: the highest values of mean total abundance were observed in December-January, due to high dominance of only one very abundant and gregarious species (the lapwing Vanellus vanellus). On the contrary, in this period, species richness and diversity showed the lowest values. These last metrics were highest in values during the April-September period when a large number of species of conservation concern utilize muddy areas as trophic and stop-over sites, due to the seasonal water stress. The highest values in species turnover index were observed between December-January and February-March when passage migrants (high richness, low abundance) substitute the wintering species (low richness, high abundance). Our data highlight that, in Mediterranean remnant wetlands, strategies should be addressed to increase the muddy suitable areas in the April-September period in order to maximize species richness and diversity. In fact, in these months these habitats host pre-and post-breeding migrant waders of conservation concern.Key words: Abundance, species richness, diversity, species turnover, Vanellus vanellus.Riassunto -Limicoli (Aves, Charadriiformes) in una zona umida mediterranea: uno studio pilota annuale evidenzia andamenti contrastanti nelle metriche di diversità.Durante il ciclo annuale agosto 2011 -luglio 2012 sono state studiate le comunità di caradriformi (Aves Charadriiformes) presenti in una zona umida mediterranea, ottenendo una serie di metriche di diversità. L'abbondanza totale media mostra un andamento complementare se confrontata con la ricchezza di specie e la diversità: i valori più alti dell'abbondanza media totale sono stati rilevati in dicembre-gennaio, a causa della elevata dominanza di una sola specie molto abbondante e gregaria (pavoncella Vanellus vanellus). Al contrario in questo periodo ricchezza e diversità hanno mostrato i valori più bassi. Queste ultime metriche hanno mostrato i valori più elevati nel periodo aprile-settembre, quando un gran numero di specie di interesse conservazionistico utilizzano le ripe fangose come sito trofico e di stop-over, anche a causa dello stress idrico stagionale. I valori più alti dell'indice di turnover sono stati osservati tra dicembre-gennaio e febbraio-marzo, quando le specie di passo migratorio (con alta ricchezza e bassa abbondanza) sostituiscono le specie svernanti (con bassa ricchezza e alta abbondanza). Questi dati sottolineano come, in aree umide residuali del Mediterraneo, le strategie di conservazione devono essere indirizzate verso un incremento delle ripe fangose idonee nel periodo aprile-settembre, al fine di massimizzare la ricchezza di specie e la diversità. Infatti, proprio in questi mesi questi habitat ospitano caradriformi di interesse conservazio...

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“…A stressor has been defined as a variable (biotic or abiotic) that adversely affects individual physiology or population performance and therefore has fitness consequences (Barrett et al 1976;Vinebrooke et al 2004). Stressors can be both natural and anthropogenic, and they often interact to produce a combined impact.…”

Section: Stressors and Cumulative Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%