Stress associated with caregiving: An examination of the stress process model among Kenyan Luo elders

Ice, Gillian H.; Sadruddin, Aalyia Feroz Ali; Vagedes, Amy; Yogo, Jaja; Juma, Elizabeth

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.018

Cited by 52 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The theory assumes that most families are committed to caring for their relatives with mental illnesses at home, which is potentially a fertile ground for persistent stress. This model has provided guidance for understanding caregiver stress across varying populations (Ice et al 2012). The Conceptual Components of Caregiver Stress Process described by Pearlin et al (1990) include four domains.…”

Section: Theoretical Frame Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizophrenia: its psychological effects on family caregivers

Riley-McHugh¹,

Brown²,

Lindo

2016

IJANS

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Purpose: Caregivers of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia experience moderate to severe caregiver burden and are at risk for developing mental disorders. This study explores the psychological effects and coping strategies of family caregivers of relatives diagnosed with schizophrenia in the developing world. Methods: This qualitative study used the register of a community mental health clinic at a Jamaican hospital to purposively select and recruit five primary family caregivers of clients diagnosed with schizophrenia (based on the DSM IV). Consenting participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: Four of the five caregivers studied were females. Participants were either parents (4) or siblings (1) of the client diagnosed with schizophrenia and aged 42 -57years. Participants experienced feelings of anger, sadness, loss of libido, loss of appetite and depression. They expressed feelings of fear, guilt, stigma and stress related to financial responsibilities in caring for their relatives. Coping mechanisms included social support from family members and their strong faith in God. Conclusion: Participants reported experiencing major psychological distress and ineffective coping. Community based management of individuals with schizophrenia should include strategies to support family caregivers.

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Section: Theoretical Frame Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizophrenia: its psychological effects on family caregivers

Riley-McHugh¹,

Brown²,

Lindo

2016

IJANS

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“…The only other study we found that utilized analysis of hair cortisol in an African population found that participants with PTSD had higher hair cortisol content than traumatized controls from a civil war area in Uganda (Steudte et al 2011), emphasizing the utility of the assay for Africans. A study that examined Kenyan elders caring for their orphaned grandchildren and the impact of this care-giving on perceived and physiological measures of stress found that caregivers have higher levels of perceived stress as determined by a culturally modified perceived stress scale than non-caregivers (Ice et al 2012). A study of pastoralist women from Northern Kenya reported that culturally defined local idioms of stress were the most sensitive indicators of psychosocial experiences, showing high concordance with salivary cortisol levels (Pike and Williams 2006).…”

Section: Stress In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural and socio-economic conditions as factors contributing to chronic stress in sub-Saharan African communities

HenleyPhaedra

LowthersMegan

Koren

et al. 2014

Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.

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Stress is known to contribute to overall health status. Many individuals in sub-Saharan Africa are believed to be stressed about their employment, income, and health. This study aimed to investigate hair cortisol as a biomarker of chronic stress in settlement communities in Kenya. Hair samples were collected from 108 volunteers from settlement communities in Kenya. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to measure hair cortisol concentrations. In parallel, a health survey was completed. The mean ± SD for the cortisol concentration in the hair of volunteers from the settlement communities in Naivasha was 639 ± 300 ng/g, which was higher than found for a Caucasian reference group (299 ± 110 ng/g; one-way ANOVA, P = 0.0003). There were no differences in hair cortisol concentrations between members of slum settlements adjacent to large floriculture farms in Naivasha (Karagita, Kamere/Kwa Muhia/DCK, and Kasarani) compared with those well-removed from all floriculture in Mogotio (Mogotio and Westlands/Katorongot). However, hair cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in females, divorced volunteers, those who made below minimum wage, and those who reported feeling unsafe collecting water or using sanitation facilities within these 2 settlement groups. We found no evidence for increased chronic stress (measured by hair cortisol content) between members of slum settlements adjacent to versus distant to large floriculture farms. Cultural and socio-economic conditions that prevail in much of sub-Saharan Africa were found to be factors contributing to chronic stress.

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“…The risk factors of these families noted in the unstructured interviews focused on food insecurity, disease, neglect, education barriers, and lack of social support. These risk factors are increasingly noted throughout the world especially in rural areas and underdeveloped or developing countries (Cluver and Gardner 2007;Richter et al 2009;Ice et al 2012). It is important to note that these risk factors were balanced out by the strengths, supports and rewards that the participants automatically shared as part of the interview process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kenya’s Life Lessons through the Lived Experience of Rural Caregivers

2017

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This qualitative research study used a phenomenological lens to examine the perspectives of familial caregivers in the Laikipia Region of Kenya. Through the narrative of the caregivers' lived experience, key factors identified included social supports, rewards of caregiving, and lessons to others. Overarching basic themes centered on food insecurity, disease, rejection, lack of support, education challenges, inadequate land ownership, the absence of male support and neglect issues. These unique perspectives can contribute towards our understanding of policy and programming needs for orphaned children and familial caregivers in rural Kenya and within the rural areas of the East African context.

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Stress associated with caregiving: An examination of the stress process model among Kenyan Luo elders

Cited by 52 publications

References 50 publications

Schizophrenia: its psychological effects on family caregivers

Schizophrenia: its psychological effects on family caregivers

Cultural and socio-economic conditions as factors contributing to chronic stress in sub-Saharan African communities

Kenya’s Life Lessons through the Lived Experience of Rural Caregivers

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