Stress and Unemployment: A Comparative Review and Research Model of Female and Male Managers

Fielden, Sandra L.; Davidson, Marilyn J.

doi:10.1111/1467-8551.00112

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 159 publications

(234 reference statements)

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“…However, avoidance coping efforts were related to higher depression and anxiety in men and women. These results support Malen and Stroh's (1998) and Fielden and Davidson's (1999) contention that sex differences should be considered when investigating the impact of unemployment on coping and psychological health.…”

Section: June 2000supporting

confidence: 82%

Coping with unemployment: a literature review and presentation of a new model

Waters

2000

Int J Management Reviews

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This paper reviews the unemployment literature with a view to identifying a new way of modelling the process of coping with unemployment. The review shows that early models of coping adopted a trait-based approach, which viewed coping as a stable, transcending disposition of the person and, therefore, failed to consider the range of coping responses that people use during unemployment. The use of state-based approaches to coping, in more recent research, has overcome this problem. However, the newer models still assess coping via discrete, linear relationships and have focused primarily on the obtainment of re-employment rather than promotion of psychological health during unemployment. In an attempt to overcome these problems, the`Coping, Psychological and Employment Status' (CoPES) model is presented in the current paper. This new and comprehensive model illustrates the non-recursive relationships between stressors, cognitive appraisals, coping efforts and psychological health during unemployment. The CoPES model also depicts the relationship between coping, psychological health and re-employment. This model provides a more integrated approach to coping with unemployment and allows for the examination of new relationships. The CoPES model, applied within Ipsative±Normative designs and assessed using quantitative and qualitative techniques, will make a significant contribution to research conducted into unemployment.Unemployment is defined as the situation of being without, but actively seeking, employment and is a serious and persistent social problem in many

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Section: June 2000supporting

confidence: 82%

Coping with unemployment: a literature review and presentation of a new model

Waters

2000

Int J Management Reviews

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“…Results from both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses suggest that the unemployed have significantly higher anxiety levels than the employed and that the process of becoming unemployed significantly increases anxiety levels. Fielden and Davidson (1999) presented a comparative research model of stress and unemployment in which they suggest including poorer mental health, increased distress and increased anxiety as psychological effects of job loss. Guindon and Smith (2002) indicate that some of the most common reactions to job loss are depression and anxiety and lowering of self-esteem.…”

Section: Unemployment and Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Toll of Unemployment Does Not Stop with the Unemployed

Westman

Etzion

Horovitz³

2004

Human Relations

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This study focuses on the crossover of state anxiety between spouses in working couples in Israel when one of them faces unemployment. We assessed state anxiety, financial hardship and social support for both spouses at two points in time. Participants were 113 unemployed people who came to the Academics Employment Exchange to apply for the 'unemployment grant'. They and their spouses completed questionnaires at the beginning (wave 1) and end (wave 2) of the 2-month period for which they were entitled to the 'unemployment grant'. Findings demonstrate that on both occasions, the economic hardship was a positive predictor of anxiety for both the unemployed and their spouses and social support was inversely related to their anxiety. Furthermore, there was a significant bidirectional crossover effect of state anxiety from the unemployed to the spouse and from the spouse to the unemployed at both waves after controlling for all relevant variables. We concluded that prevention programs dealing with the unemployed should take into account the crossover process and incorporate actions for both spouses. K E Y W O R D Scrossover economic hardship social support state anxiety unemploymentThe organizational downsizing entailed by the globalization and economic forces that typify today's reality means that millions of people throughout the world are undergoing the major life event of losing or facing the threat 8 2 3Human Relations

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“…Hence, one factor that may reduce the impact of unemployment on self-esteem is the availability of alternate non-employment-related roles (Dilnot & Kell, 1988; Fielden & Davidson, 1999). Jahoda (1982) and Warr and Parry (1982) argued that roles such as spouse, parent, and community worker can be used as psychological compensations for the loss of one's role as employee.…”

Section: Study Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting self‐esteem during unemployment: The effect of gender, financial deprivation, alternate roles, and social support

Waters¹,

Moore²

2002

Journal of Employment Couns

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Two hundred and one unemployed men and women participated in a crosssectional study that assessed self-esteem, financial deprivation, number of alternate roles, and use of social support. Financial deprivation, alternate roles, and social support each had a main effect on self-esteem. In addition, these variables interacted with gender to affect self-esteem. Specifically, financial deprivation had a greater negative association with self-esteem in men as compared with women. In contrast, alternate roles and social support had a stronger positive relationship to self-esteem in women than in men. The incorporation of these findings into intervention programs for unemployed persons is discussed.

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Stress and Unemployment: A Comparative Review and Research Model of Female and Male Managers

Cited by 25 publications

References 159 publications

Coping with unemployment: a literature review and presentation of a new model

Coping with unemployment: a literature review and presentation of a new model

The Toll of Unemployment Does Not Stop with the Unemployed

Predicting self‐esteem during unemployment: The effect of gender, financial deprivation, alternate roles, and social support

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