“…Other hypotheses require the production of colour to involve physiological costs, such that colour signals health or condition. For example, colour may reflect dietary access to pigments (Hill, 2006), the bearer's ability to overcome a handicap (Zahavi, 1975), resist pathogens (Hamilton & Zuk, 1982), cope with the immunosuppressive effects of testosterone (Folstad & Karter, 1992) or the costs of oxidative stress (von Schantz, Bensch, Grahn, Hasselquist, & Wittzell, 1999); or the ability to withstand stressors (Buchanan, 2000;Hillgarth & Wingfield, 1997;Westneat & Birkhead, 1998). At a genetic level, colour may signal overall genetic diversity and fitness (Brown, 1997), or genetic quality related to particular coding loci, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a multigene family that plays a critical role in the immune response (Penn & Potts, 1998).…”