Stress and depression as pathways between violent conflict exposure and moral beliefs: Why people sometimes condone “bad” things.

Timmer, Anastasiia; Johnson, Robert O.; Antonaccio, Olena; Botchkovar, Ekaterina V.

doi:10.1037/pac0000603

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Even as peace returns, it can be difficult to properly address mental health issues due to the loss of personal, social, and emotional resources as well as challenges in the delivery of mental health services. It is particularly important to study depression in the times of war and violent conflicts as it can influence important life outcomes including moral beliefs (e.g., Timmer et al, 2022) and perceived social trust (Taylor, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During prolonged exposure to war, however, not all violent acts are experienced directly, and these same acts may be experienced indirectly through exposure to media reports or the accounts of others. Empirical evidence and theoretical explanations both point to the role of indirect exposure as a potentially traumatic experience (Johnson et al, 2017; Stephan et al, 2015; Timmer et al, 2022). For example, according to the intergroup threat theory, when individuals are a part of certain social group and that group is harmed or threatened, these individuals may experience emotional and behavioral responses, including anxiety and stress, as a result of the threat to their group (Stephan et al, 2015).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, although there is well-established grounding in existing research of depression as an adverse consequence of forced displacement (e.g., see Bedaso & Duko, 2022), little research has focused on the experiences of those Ukrainians who were forced to flee their homes. Second, the elevated levels of depression among war-affected groups tend to have violent conflict-related risk factors, which can be used to both detect and document the extent of their mental health needs (Johnson et al, 2009, 2017; Timmer et al, 2022). Thus, understanding the extent to which IDPs in Ukraine exhibit these characteristics will support the external validity of prior findings.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forced to flee out and down: Depression following the Russian invasion and displacement of the Ukrainian people.

Timmer¹,

Johnson²,

Antonaccio³

et al. 2023

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

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During wartime, individuals suffer from high levels of mental health disorders, with depression being one of the most common mental health issues. Even as peace returns, the loss of personal, social, and emotional resources can make widespread depression difficult to overcome. Internally displaced people (IDPs) are a particularly vulnerable group, which has received relatively little attention in the peace and conflict literature. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand and address mental health issues of IDPs. Focusing on Ukraine, we use survey data collected from 300 IDPs in two major urban areas who were forced to flee their homes due to the Russian invasion that started in 2014. Specifically, we examine the influences of war trauma, daily stressors, and social support on depression. We find that having been exposed to war, both directly and indirectly, is not significantly associated with depression among IDPs in Ukraine, suggesting that war exposure may have reached a ceiling effect. On the other hand, experiencing daily stressors (e.g., prejudice, financial problems etc.) significantly increases depressive symptoms. Finally, social support, including emotional, task, and financial support from family (but not from other sources), reduces depression among IDPs. This study lays the foundation for the development of policies aimed at reducing daily stress among Ukrainian IDPs and reuniting them with their family members. Public Significance StatementOur research findings demonstrate that various daily hassles (e.g., financial problems, discrimination and prejudice, issues at work/study) increase depressive symptoms among IDPs in Ukraine, whereas different forms of social support from family serve as protective factors against depression. This suggests the need for the development of new initiatives that focus on stress management and family reunification among IDPs in war-torn societies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Forced to flee out and down: Depression following the Russian invasion and displacement of the Ukrainian people.

Timmer¹,

Johnson²,

Antonaccio³

et al. 2023

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

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“…The prolonged war in Ukraine has a significant impact on the daily activity, stress, and moral dilemmas of Ukrainians (Timmer et al, 2022). However, it should be noted that Ukrainian youth in wartime conditions demonstrate high resourcefulness and the ability to continue their inherent activity, primarily in education.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Russian Military Aggression on the Psychological Health of Ukrainian Youth

Lunov

Lytvynenko

Maltsev³

et al. 2022

American Behavioral Scientist

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The article presents the results of research on the main individual behavior problems of Ukrainian youth in the conditions of Russian political and military aggression since 2014. Research is aimed at issues of adaptation potential, social and psychological security, psychological health, and well-being of young people from all geographic regions of Ukraine. The concept of “socially determined coping constructs” is proposed and the influence of interpersonal behavior style on the resourcefulness and adaptive potential of youth in the conditions of military operations is determined. Prognostic indicators of young people’s experience of security in the conditions of an unpredictable long-term scenario of military aggression are concise. It has been proved that adaptation potential is a factor of preservation of psychological health that is methodologically considered within the paradigm of humanistic psychology within the range of the concept of resilience, psychological well-being, and personal maturity. Interpersonal behavior can be considered by us as a developed form of interaction of personal genesis and social induced predisposition of a certain objectified relation. Adaptation potential is determined as a social-psychological integral hierarchical-parity formation that ensures homeostasis of mature functioning of personality within the conditions of social stress induced by the activity of adaptation capabilities, their latency, timeliness, correspondence with subjective resources, and vectors of social actualization. There has been an empirical establishment of predictors determining the impact of special features of the style of interpersonal behavior on index of perceived stress, index of coping resources, positive attitude to others, autonomy, environment management, personal development, life goals, self-perception, psychological well-being, inclusion, control, risk acceptance, and resilience. The results of our research became the basis for determination of the phenomenon of interpersonal behavior as predictor of the triad: interpersonal communication, adaptation potential, and psychological health of youth.

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“…Similar measures have been used and validated in prior survey studies [47]. Finally, we included the marital status of the respondent where 0 = single (reference category); 1 = married; 2 = living with a partner; 3 = divorced/widowed/separated [45].…”

Section: Domestic and Gender-based Violence During Wartimementioning

confidence: 99%

Who is suffering gender-based violence in Ukraine? A snapshot of domestic violence during war and a global pandemic

Iesue¹,

Lozovska²,

Timmer³

et al. 2022

Ukr. socìum

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Research has shown that the risk for violent victimisation, including various forms of abuse and sexual violence, is high among individuals forced to leave their homes due to wars, humanitarian emergencies, and violent conflicts. Unfortunately, little is known about such critical issue as domestic violence within the home, as most research on humanitarian crises covers violence outside the home. Given that the home remains one of the most dangerous places for vulnerable individuals during wartime, it is crucial to address who is most vulnerable to becoming a victim of domestic violence in current war-torn societies such as Ukraine. Further, it is imperative to understand the characteristics of domestic violence at the “intersection” of war and a global pandemic. We use primary, self-reported survey data from an international research project entitled “A Cross-National Study of the Global Pandemic, Deviance and Health” to provide a snapshot of domestic violence in the current Ukrainian society and analyse the characteristics of self-reported domestic violence, both psychological and physical, which has been taking place during the Russian invasion of Ukraine and a global pandemic. Specifically, this study addresses the following research questions: What are the levels of domestic violence (both physical and psychological abuse) when it happens at the time of “intersection” between war and a pandemic? Who is the most likely to become a victim of domestic violence in this unique situation? Results from logistic regression models reveal that, compared to single individuals in Ukraine, people who cohabitate with their partners are at a higher risk of psychological abuse, while being married emerges as a “protective” factor against physical abuse. Additionally, having a higher SES significantly reduces the risk of psychological abuse from an intimate partner. Notably, in contrast with prior research, our results show that men’s odds of experiencing physical abuse are higher. Explanations for these unique findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Stress and depression as pathways between violent conflict exposure and moral beliefs: Why people sometimes condone “bad” things.

Cited by 12 publications

References 98 publications

Forced to flee out and down: Depression following the Russian invasion and displacement of the Ukrainian people.

Forced to flee out and down: Depression following the Russian invasion and displacement of the Ukrainian people.

The Impact of Russian Military Aggression on the Psychological Health of Ukrainian Youth

Who is suffering gender-based violence in Ukraine? A snapshot of domestic violence during war and a global pandemic

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