Strength Training for Cross-Country Skiers

Losnegard, Thomas

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75547-2_24

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…39,40 However, the relationship between increased strength and increased efficiency has later been questioned, and female skiers do not appear to have a greater positive effect of strength training than male skiers. 20,38 In addition, in the present study, we did not find a difference in skiing efficiency between sexes within any age-groups, corresponding to previous findings in senior skiers. 17 As such, we should use caution when trying to translate strength into a sport-specific performance, 25 and we suggest that the focus on strength training should be based on individual needs and not on sex.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…17,19 However, the importance of strength appears to be technique-dependent since the different subtechniques are characterized by varying contributions from upper-and lower-body propulsion, 6 as well as the individual athlete's ability to use their strength efficiently in the complex quadrupedal XC skiing techniques. 20,21 Furthermore, limited research exists on how the sex difference in strength affects skiing performance in adolescent and junior XC skiers.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sex Differences in Physiological Determinants of Performance in Elite Adolescent, Junior, and Senior Cross-Country Skiers

Sollie

Losnegard

2022

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: To compare sex differences in physiological determinants of skiing performance in elite adolescent, junior, and senior cross-country skiers matched for within-age-group performance level. Methods: Eight male and 12 female adolescent (15 [1] y), 8 male and 7 female junior (18 [1] y), and 7 male and 6 female senior (28 [5] y) skiers participated. Gross efficiency was calculated during submaximal uphill treadmill roller skiing (approximately 84% of peak oxygen uptake []) using the G2 ski-skating technique. Distance covered, , and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit were established from a 3-minute time-trial. Fifteen-second maximal skiing power was calculated from an incremental treadmill speed test. Finally, upper- and lower-body maximal strength tests were conducted. Results: The 3-minute time-trial distance and maximal skiing power were, respectively, 23% and 15% (adolescent), 24% and 19% (junior), and 17% and 14% (senior) greater for men than women (all groups, P ≤ .01, effect size [ES] = 2.43–4.18; very large). relative to body mass was 17% (adolescent, P = .002, ES = 1.66, large), 21% (junior, P < .01, ES = 2.60, very large), and 19% (senior, P < .01, ES = 2.35, very large) greater for men than women. The within-age-group sex differences in gross efficiency, relative accumulated oxygen deficit, and strength were not significant, with the exception of greater lower-body strength in male than female juniors (P = .01, ES = 1.26, large). Conclusion: The within-age-group sex difference in skiing performance is of similar magnitude for adolescent, junior, and senior skiers. This difference can likely be attributed to the large to very large sex difference in within all age-groups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Physiological Determinants of Performance in Elite Adolescent, Junior, and Senior Cross-Country Skiers

Sollie

Losnegard

2022

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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“…Physiological determinants including peak oxygen uptake (V̇O 2peak ) ( Sandbakk et al, 2011 ; Losnegard et al, 2013 ; Sandbakk et al, 2016 ), the ability to efficiently transform metabolic energy into speed (e.g., gross efficiency (GE)) ( Losnegard et al, 2013 ) , ( Sandbakk et al, 2010 ) and the ability to repeatedly perform, and recover from, efforts above the V̇O 2peak ( Gløersen et al, 2020 ; Sollie et al, 2020 ) are all important for XC skiing performance. Depending on the race length, sub-technique used and the technical ability of the skiers, a certain level of strength also seems necessary to optimize performance ( Losnegard et al, 2019a ). Moreover, differences in racing distances (durations can be between ∼3 min and ∼2 h) differentiate the magnitude of importance between these physiological determinants to some extent ( Losnegard and Hallén, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometrical and Physiological Determinants of Laboratory and on-Snow Performance in Competitive Adolescent Cross-Country Skiers

Sollie

Losnegard

2022

Front. Physiol.

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Purpose: To explore the anthropometrical and physiological determinants of laboratory and on-snow performance in competitive adolescent cross-country skiers.Methods: Fifty-two adolescent (25 girls) (14.8 ± 0.6 years) skiers performed an uphill treadmill rollerski session using the G2 ski skating technique. Gross efficiency (GE) was calculated from a submaximal work bout (∼84% of peak oxygen uptake; V̇O2peak) while V̇O2peak, accumulated oxygen deficit (ΣO2def) and laboratory performance were determined from a 3-min time trial (TT3min) before upper- and lower-body maximum strength were tested. Pearson’s product moment correlations and multiple regression analysis explored the relationship with anthropometrical and physiological determinations of laboratory and on-snow performance in sprint (∼1 km, ∼2.5–3 min) and distance races (5–7.5 km, ∼12–20 min) from the national championship for this age-group.Results: A large correlation was found between on-snow sprint and distance performance (boys r = 0.61, girls r = 0.76, both p < 0.01) and for on-snow distance performance with TT 3min (r = 0.51 to 0.56, p < 0.05). V̇O2peak, ΣO2def and GE explained ∼80% of variations in performance in the TT3min, but substantial lower on-snow skiing performance (∼20–30%). For the TT3min performance, V̇O2peak showed a very large and large correlation for boys and girls (r = 0.76 and 0.65 respectively, both p < 0.01), ΣO2def showed a large correlation for boys and girls (r = 0.53 and 0.55 respectively, both p < 0.01) and age showed a large correlation for boys (r = 0.56, p < 0.01), with no significant correlation for girls (r = -0.19). For on-snow distance performance, V̇O2peak showed a large correlation for boys (r = 0.53, p < 0.01) and girls (r = 0.50, p < 0.05). For on-snow sprint performance, upper-body strength (r = 0.55, both sexes p < 0.01) and body mass index (BMI) showed a large correlation for boys (r = 0.53, p < 0.01) and girls (r = 0.51, p < 0.05).Conclusion: V̇O2peak is an important determinant for overall XC skiing performance in competitive male and female adolescent skiers. However, upper-body strength and BMI correlate the most with sprint performance. While laboratory performance can to a large extent be explained by physiological factors, on-snow-performance for adolescents is based more on multivariate factors (tactics, equipment’s, technique, racecourse etc.), implying the need for a holistic approach to understanding the sport-specific demands in such age-groups.

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High-Intensity Interval Training and Resistance Training for Endurance Athletes

Feuerbacher

Schumann

2023

Endurance Sports Medicine

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Strength Training for Cross-Country Skiers

Cited by 5 publications

References 56 publications

Sex Differences in Physiological Determinants of Performance in Elite Adolescent, Junior, and Senior Cross-Country Skiers

Sex Differences in Physiological Determinants of Performance in Elite Adolescent, Junior, and Senior Cross-Country Skiers

Anthropometrical and Physiological Determinants of Laboratory and on-Snow Performance in Competitive Adolescent Cross-Country Skiers

High-Intensity Interval Training and Resistance Training for Endurance Athletes

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