Street Graffiti and Residents’ Attitude: Izmir City

Abstract

Humanity has always been in a struggle to express itself to others. They conveyed through marks and symbols on cave walls, head stones, clay tablets and papyrus before the invention of writing and society. Today urban areas and especially streets are places that carry social marks first-hand. They retain these semiotic signs and become a collective of symbols that link the past to the present and future. Graffiti, which is a part of such communication, is the way people express emotions and ideas to society through symbols. In this study, the attitude of the residents in Izmir City about graffiti, whether they see it as an art form or visual pollution, is studied. A survey was applied to 100 citizens, including fieldwork, photo-shoots and interviews done with 20 people. Part of the graffiti in Izmir urban identity is determined and the results are presented.

Biofuel production from Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae in seawater without harvesting and dewatering over alumina-silicate supported nickel catalysts

“…Alumina-silicate supported nickel catalysts were synthesized using a modified single step sol-gel method developed in this study (Umdu, 2008;Yoldas, 1975). The support oxide of all the catalysts contained 70%Al 2 O 3 and 30%SiO 2 and nickel amount was 10%.…”

“…Hydrolyses of saccharides, peptides and triglycerides were reported to occur faster using an acid catalyst than using a base catalyst (Umdu, 2012;Ozdogru, 2017). To better understand the correlation between acidity/acidic strengths of the catalysts and the conversion, the observed conversion was plotted as a function of the catalyst acidity (Thomas and Thomas, 1997).…”