Stratigraphy and coal resources of the Makarwal area, Trans-Indus Mountains, Mianwali District, Pakistan

Danilchik, Walter; Shah, S. M. Ibrahim

doi:10.3133/pp1341

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…They are overridden by Late Miocene Chinji and Nagri Formations; younger terms of the molasse are also present further north and in the east, i.e. on the western Potwar Plateau (DANILCHIK & SHAH 1987). Cambrian-Palaeozoic forma tions are only exposed in the Western Salt Range, while Permian-Triassic is exposed locally at the NW corner, between the Makarwal and Surghar segments.…”

Section: Eastern Surghar Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surghar Range (Figures 1, 2, 4) is an exposure of Permian-Eocene rocks, topped by the Miocene molasse, that are all overthrust to the south on top of Plio-Pleistocene molasse (underlain by the same stratigraphy as the Hangingwall;DANILCHIK & SHAH 1987, GHANI et al 2018. The range is composed of three different segments: the Makarwal segment of N-S, the Surghar segment of E-W and the Western Salt Range segment again of N-S orientation (Figu re 4).…”

Section: Eastern Surghar Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cambrian-Palaeozoic forma tions are only exposed in the Western Salt Range, while Permian-Triassic is exposed locally at the NW corner, between the Makarwal and Surghar segments. In other places the deepest exposed stratigraphic term is Jurassic (GEE 1980, DANILCHIK & SHAH 1987. According to own obser vations in both the Makarwal and the Surghar segments, the formations are folded into tight, eastward and southward facing folds with Jurassic cores.…”

Section: Eastern Surghar Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the Kalabagh lens is very tightly and complexly folded, the Gundi Lobe exhibits a tight, but simple anticline with a southern steep limb. In most maps (GEE 1980, DANILCHIK & SHAH 1987, MCDOUGALL & KHAN 1990, GHANI et al 2018 this is underlain by a SW-facing thrust. Yet another exposure of Palaeogene strata is found in an imbricate directly beneath and south of the former thrust-fold structure.…”

Section: Eastern Surghar Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the north, north of Chisal Algad the map ( Figure 4) shows a series of curvilinear thrust faults that repeat parts of the Miocene section (Visor Fault system; DANILCHIK & SHAH 1987) or that cut up from the Eocene and die out in Miocene (Hukni Fault; GHANI et al 2018). The eastern termination of both faults curve southwards.…”

Section: Own Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Transversal folding in Himalaya foothill ranges

Csontos¹,

Dunkl

Vakarcs

et al. 2019

Földt. Közl.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Himalayan foreland in N Pakistan, dissected by Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) contains spectacular salients and syntaxes. The lateral (N-S) boundaries between these salients and syntaxes around Kalabagh city and east-southeast of Islamabad were believed to host deep-seated lateral ramps with strike slip movements. However, seismic data in these two sectors suggest that there are N-S trending folds and locally east- or west-vergent thrusts that affect the Paleozoic-Paleogene cover of the Indian shield, as well as the Miocene-Pliocene molasse sediments. The proposed lateral ramps cannot be followed on the seismic and on maps either; instead, both maps and seismic data suggest folding, often on a regional scale of harder Paleo-Mesozoic-Paleogene and softer Oligo-Miocene-Pilo-Pleistocene cover. The NE corner of Surghar range is proposed to be formed of relaying thrust sheets with emergent heads composed of Paleozoic-Paleogene and its slightly detached Miocene molasse. These relaying imbricates are taken in a southward flexure generated by a major right lateral shear of a wide zone, where transpressive Riedel shears, en echelon anticlines and southwards flexed earlier thrust faults are the main elements (but a single, through-going Kalabagh fault is missing). The generation of mapped N-S trending folds and east-vergent thrusts preceded the formation of the wide shear zone and southwards flexing.Hazara syntaxis is interpreted as a major antiform that re-folded MBT and Panjal thrust around Oligo-Miocene molasse, itself forming an antiform (BOSSART ET AL. 1988). In our model we propose that the west-vergent Balakot thrust and deeper blind thrusts are in the core of this antiform. In the southern continuation we propose that folds in Miocene molasse continue from eastern Potwar region to western Kashmir and there appears no major break. These structures are also re-folded in a major antiform with N-S axial trend. Map analysis also suggests that N-S trending folds bending earlier main thrusts are occurring in a wide area south of the Indus-Tsangpo suture.Several independent geological and geophysical observations including mapping, seismic analysis, earlier measurements of strain axes and of paleomagnetic declinations suggest that the salients and syntaxes may have been much more linear in the past (although a total linearity is not realistic). It is proposed that the present-day undulating pattern may have been generated by N-S trending folds due to general (and episodic) E-W shortening. If the main fault zones were more linear, the relay pattern along their segments suggests a left lateral shear component along MBT and a mixed, locally left, locally right lateral component along MFT. Earlier (ZEITLER 1985) and now provided low temperature thermochronological ages strongly suggest a rather general episode of E-W shortening between 4-5 Ma for the whole northern Indian margin. However, there should have been original transversal dome formation as early as Oligocene (DIPIETRO ET AL. 2008). It is also clear that longer N-S shortening and shorter E-W shortening episodes should alternate eventually in a very short time frame, since earthquake focal mechanisms (LISA AND KHWAJA 2004, BURG ET AL. 2005) suggest the coexistence of E-W compression and NW-SE compression in Potwar.There are several potential explanations for generating E-W shortening and related structures in a general N-S shortening regime. Possibilities range from fault terminations of thrust faults at high angles in a particular zone (TREOLAR ET AL. 1992) to en echelon folding along a major right lateral E-W fault zone. However, we speculate that E-W shortening could be much more general, suggesting a mechanism that affects the whole of Indian plate. Possibly the best explanation is given by analogue models (REPLUMAZ ET AL. 2012) proposing major, slightly convergent confining boundaries. If applied to the northwards advance of India, the northwards converging boundaries generate secondary E-W shortening and east-or west-vergent orogens parallel to these boundaries.

show abstract

Section: Eastern Surghar Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eastern Surghar Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eastern Surghar Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eastern Surghar Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Own Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations