Strategies Towards Meeting Future Particulate Matter Emission Requirements in Homogeneous Gasoline Direct Injection Engines

Piock, Walter F.; Hoffmann, Guy; Berndorfer, Axel; Salemi, Patrick; Fusshoeller, Bernd

doi:10.4271/2011-01-1212

Cited by 177 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…An important issue for DISI engines is the particulate matter emissions [5][6][7][8]. Particulate number (PN) emissions for small particles are especially of concern, as stringent limits have been established [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Nature of Particulate Emissions from DISI Engines at Cold-Fast-Idle

Ketterer¹,

Cheng²

2014

SAE Int. J. Engines

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Particulate emissions from a production gasoline direct injection spark ignition engine were studied under a typical cold-fast-idle condition (1200 rpm, 2 bar NIMEP). The particle number (PN) density in the 22 to 365 nm range was measured as a function of the injection timing with single pulse injection and with split injection. Very low PN emissions were observed when injection took place in the mid intake stroke because of the fast fuel evaporation and mixing processes which were facilitated by the high turbulent kinetic energy created by the intake charge motion. Under these conditions, substantial liquid fuel film formation on the combustion chamber surfaces was avoided. PN emissions increased when injection took place in the compression stroke, and increased substantially when the fuel spray hit the piston. A conceptual model was established for the particulate matter (PM) formation process in which PM is formed by pyrolysis after the normal premixed flame passage in fuel rich plumes originating from liquid films on the cylinder walls. The pyrolysis process is supported by heat conducted from the hot burned gases outside the plume and by the energy released by the pyrolysis reactions. Thus, the "pool fire" often observed is not a diffusion flame since the small amount of residual oxygen in the burned gases cannot support such a flame. The luminosity is radiation from the hot soot particles which are not oxidized after being formed in the pyrolysis reactions. This model was supported by the PN data obtained from sweeping the charge equivalence ratio from lean to rich.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Nature of Particulate Emissions from DISI Engines at Cold-Fast-Idle

Ketterer¹,

Cheng²

2014

SAE Int. J. Engines

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“…Increasing fuel pressure leads to a considerable decrease in the PN. Splitting the quantity of injected fuel into separate injection events while adjusting the timing improves the mixture preparation and reduces the PN emissions (Lohfink et al, 2008;Piock et al, 2011;Sabathil et al, 2011). These measures were shown to produce a positive effect, particularly in the problem areas of cold starting/catalyst heating, drive-off cycles and high vehicle speed.…”

Section: Pm Emissions From Si Enginesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Therefore, for the first time a general reduction in the particulate-matter limit for sparkignition direct injection engines is being combined with plans to introduce a limit on the particle number for SI engines. Figure 5 presents methods that can be used to minimize the tailpipe particulate matter emissions of a GDI engine (Piock et al, 2011).…”

Section: Pm Emissions From Si Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaust nanoparticle emissions from internal combustion engines: A review

Myung

Park

2011

Int.J Automot. Technol.

205

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This paper reviews the particle emissions formed during the combustion process in spark ignition and diesel engine. Proposed legislation in Europe and California will impose a particle number requirement for GDI (gasoline direct injection) vehicles and will introduce the Euro 6 and LEV-III emission standards. More careful optimization for reducing particulate emission on engine hardware, fuel system, and control strategy to reduce particulate emissions will be required during cold start and warm-up phases. Because The diesel combustion inherently produces significant amounts of PM as a result of incomplete combustion around individual fuel droplets in the combustion zone, much attention has been paid to reducing particle emissions through electronic engine control, high pressure injection systems, combustion chamber design, and exhaust after-treatment technologies. In this paper, recent research and development trends to reduce the particle emissions from internal combustion engines are summarized, with a focus on PMP activity in EU, CARB and SAE papers and including both state-of-the-art light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines.

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“…An important issue for DISI engines is the particulate matter (PM) emissions [5][6][7][8][9]. Particulate number (PN) emissions for small particles are especially of concern, as stringent limits have been established [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Secondary Air on the Exhaust Oxidation of Particulate Matters

Pritchard¹,

Cheng²

2015

SAE Int. J. Engines

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The effects of secondary air on the exhaust oxidation of particulate matters (PM) have been assessed in a direct-injection-spark-ignition engine under fuel rich fast idle condition (1200 rpm; 2 bar NIMEP). Substantial oxidation of the unburned feed gas species (CO and HC) and significant reduction of both the particulate number (up to ~80%) and volume (up to ~90%) have been observed. The PM oxidation is attributed to the reactions between the PM and the radicals generated in the oxidation of the feed gas unburned species. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the reduction in PM volume is proportional to the amount of heat release in the secondary oxidation.

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Strategies Towards Meeting Future Particulate Matter Emission Requirements in Homogeneous Gasoline Direct Injection Engines

Cited by 177 publications

References 11 publications

On the Nature of Particulate Emissions from DISI Engines at Cold-Fast-Idle

On the Nature of Particulate Emissions from DISI Engines at Cold-Fast-Idle

Exhaust nanoparticle emissions from internal combustion engines: A review

Effects of Secondary Air on the Exhaust Oxidation of Particulate Matters

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