Strategies to link innate and adaptive immunity when designing vaccine adjuvants

Bath immunostimulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry induces enhancement of inflammatory cytokine transcripts, while repeated bath induce no changes

“…immunostimulants) have emerged as attractive candidates for rational vaccine design. Most of the agonists may induce, besides innate defence responses, the production of cytokines that enable T cell differentiation with concomitant adaptive responses [12,13]. Taking pDNA as an example, it is generally reported that the binding of pDNA to its receptor TLR9 could induce Th1 responses (type I T helper cell response) [14].…”

CpG oligodeoxynucleotide synergizes innate defense regulator peptide for enhancing the systemic and mucosal immune responses to pseudorabies attenuated virus vaccine in piglets in vivo

“…There is evidence that administration of CpG DNA to neonatal mice can switch immune responses from Th2 to Th1 immune responses [34]. Garlapati et al [35] recently also demonstrated adjuvant activity for IDRs in neonatal pigs in combination with other molecules such as CpG ODNs and polyphosphazenes. The authors proposed that these formulations could be used as adjuvants that are effective in neonates, a population that is notoriously difficult to successfully vaccinate and that is highly susceptible to many potentially fatal infectious diseases.…”

Analysis of novel meningococcal vaccine formulations

“…30 The slow release of antigen is important for priming immune cells and inducing potent adaptive immune responses. 31 The kinetics of slow antigen release prolong the time of antigen exposure, recognition and increase immunostimulatory activity, consequently enhancing vaccine antigenicity. The currently available meningococcal vaccines contain CPS antigens in solution, therefore, meningococcal vaccine nanoparticles formulations are expected to induce better antigen presentation, hence stronger adaptive immune responses.…”