“…However, the efficiency of the N-fixing activity of the symbiotic association between plants and bacteria varies among legume species and legume-symbiont combinations, and cowpea is often characterized as a poor N-fixer compared to other legume crops [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. It has been estimated that the amount of N fixed in different bean species, including cowpea, was low, varying between 25 and 70 kg N 2 fixed ha −1 [ 6 , 11 , 12 , 14 ], which represents a contribution between 50 and 80% of its N requirement [ 15 , 16 ]. These values are considerably lower than the amount of N fixed in soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill), which can range from 80 to above 300 kg N fixed ha −1 [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”