Abstract:Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, among which coronary artery diseases (CAD) are the most common type of CVD. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using autologous vein and artery grafts is the typical surgical intervention for CAD patients. However, for patients whose autologous grafts are not available, there are no appropriate substitutes for vascular grafts. Investigation of tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) has persisted over decades wi… Show more
“…Additionally, the isolation and expansion of specialized cellular populations from patients with CVD is a demanding challenge [ 40 ]. To date, there is a tendency for developing readily available acellular vascular scaffolds with improved anti-thrombogenic properties [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Indeed, these pioneering studies are focusing on the fabrication of a negatively charged synthetic surface in order to avoid red blood cells and platelet aggregation.…”
Section: Characteristics Of Engineered Sdvgsmentioning
The increased demands of small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) globally has forced the scientific society to explore alternative strategies utilizing the tissue engineering approaches. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) comprises one of the most lethal groups of non-communicable disorders worldwide. It has been estimated that in Europe, the healthcare cost for the administration of CVD is more than 169 billion €. Common manifestations involve the narrowing or occlusion of blood vessels. The replacement of damaged vessels with autologous grafts represents one of the applied therapeutic approaches in CVD. However, significant drawbacks are accompanying the above procedure; therefore, the exploration of alternative vessel sources must be performed. Engineered SDVGs can be produced through the utilization of non-degradable/degradable and naturally derived materials. Decellularized vessels represent also an alternative valuable source for the development of SDVGs. In this review, a great number of SDVG engineering approaches will be highlighted. Importantly, the state-of-the-art methodologies, which are currently employed, will be comprehensively presented. A discussion summarizing the key marks and the future perspectives of SDVG engineering will be included in this review. Taking into consideration the increased number of patients with CVD, SDVG engineering may assist significantly in cardiovascular reconstructive surgery and, therefore, the overall improvement of patients’ life.
“…Additionally, the isolation and expansion of specialized cellular populations from patients with CVD is a demanding challenge [ 40 ]. To date, there is a tendency for developing readily available acellular vascular scaffolds with improved anti-thrombogenic properties [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Indeed, these pioneering studies are focusing on the fabrication of a negatively charged synthetic surface in order to avoid red blood cells and platelet aggregation.…”
Section: Characteristics Of Engineered Sdvgsmentioning
The increased demands of small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) globally has forced the scientific society to explore alternative strategies utilizing the tissue engineering approaches. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) comprises one of the most lethal groups of non-communicable disorders worldwide. It has been estimated that in Europe, the healthcare cost for the administration of CVD is more than 169 billion €. Common manifestations involve the narrowing or occlusion of blood vessels. The replacement of damaged vessels with autologous grafts represents one of the applied therapeutic approaches in CVD. However, significant drawbacks are accompanying the above procedure; therefore, the exploration of alternative vessel sources must be performed. Engineered SDVGs can be produced through the utilization of non-degradable/degradable and naturally derived materials. Decellularized vessels represent also an alternative valuable source for the development of SDVGs. In this review, a great number of SDVG engineering approaches will be highlighted. Importantly, the state-of-the-art methodologies, which are currently employed, will be comprehensively presented. A discussion summarizing the key marks and the future perspectives of SDVG engineering will be included in this review. Taking into consideration the increased number of patients with CVD, SDVG engineering may assist significantly in cardiovascular reconstructive surgery and, therefore, the overall improvement of patients’ life.
“…1 ) will be discussed to select proper materials for producing TEVGs. Among them, suitable vascular scaffold materials should imitate the natural extracellular environment, provide appropriate mechanical and biological properties and possess good biocompatibility simultaneously [ 11 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Common Types and Materials Of Tevgsmentioning
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have enormous potential for vascular replacement therapy. However, thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia are important problems associated with TEVGs especially small diameter TEVGs (<6 mm) after transplantation. Endothelialization of TEVGs is a key point to prevent thrombosis. Here, we discuss different types of endothelialization and different seed cells of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Meanwhile, endothelial heterogeneity is also discussed. Based on it, we provide a new perspective for selecting suitable types of endothelialization and suitable seed cells to improve the long-term patency rate of tissue-engineered vascular grafts with different diameters and lengths.
“…The presence of a cross-bridging motif would favor the binding among the diverse sticky-end sequences; in addition to the degradation of the complex structures by RNases, this allows the creation of complex-shaped droplets. Although this project's scope seems to tackle a drug delivery matter, it could allow the development of regenerative medicine approaches, such as bioactive molecule encapsulation within cell-free tissue-engineered vascular drafts [14,112].…”
Supramolecular biopolymers (SBPs) are those polymeric units derived from macromolecules that can assemble with each other by noncovalent interactions. Macromolecular structures are commonly found in living systems such as proteins, DNA/RNA, and polysaccharides. Bioorganic chemistry allows the generation of sequence-specific supramolecular units like SBPs that can be tailored for novel applications in tissue engineering (TE). SBPs hold advantages over other conventional polymers previously used for TE; these materials can be easily functionalized; they are self-healing, biodegradable, stimuli-responsive, and nonimmunogenic. These characteristics are vital for the further development of current trends in TE, such as the use of pluripotent cells for organoid generation, cell-free scaffolds for tissue regeneration, patient-derived organ models, and controlled delivery systems of small molecules. In this review, we will analyse the 3 subtypes of SBPs: peptide-, nucleic acid-, and oligosaccharide-derived. Then, we will discuss the role that SBPs will be playing in TE as dynamic scaffolds, therapeutic scaffolds, and bioinks. Finally, we will describe possible outlooks of SBPs for TE.
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