Strategies for Cd accumulation in Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter: Role of the cell wall, non-protein thiols and organic acids

Comparative transcriptome combined with morpho‐physiological analyses revealed key factors for differential cadmium accumulation in two contrasting sweet sorghum genotypes

“…Although Cd concentration in CW was a little lower in L69, the CW yield in L69 was much higher under Cd treatment (Figure S5), resulting in higher total Cd content in L69 root CWs. As CW is the major pool of heavy metal accumulation in roots (Fernández et al ., ), a higher binding capacity of CW to Cd in L69 will result in a lower distribution of Cd to the shoot. After uptake by roots, the transport of Cd to shoot is controlled by apoplasmic barriers in endodermis (Schreiber, ), whose differentiation generally includes three stages: the formation of Casparian strips, suberin lamellae and U‐shaped tertiary walls (Meyer et al ., ; Redjala et al ., ).…”

“…CW is the first barrier to toxic metals in the environment, whose synthesis and composition are affected by heavy metals (Douchiche et al ., ; Fernández et al ., ; Sun et al ., ; Wan and Zhang, ). Here, we found the apoplasmic Cd uptake was significantly lower in H18 than in L69 (Figure d).…”

Target or barrier? The cell wall of early- and later-diverging plants vs cadmium toxicity: differences in the response mechanisms

“…Accumulation of Cd and Zn may have particular relevance in hyperaccumulator plants, such as Sedum plumbizincicola , in which heavy metals are chiefly accumulated in shoots and relatively less in roots (Cao et al, 2014). Dittrichia viscosa is another model-accumulator plant that accumulates large amounts of Cd in the cell wall (Fernández et al, 2014). …”

Characterization of the phytochelatins and their derivatives in rice exposed to cadmium based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with data-dependent hybrid linear ion trap orbitrap mass spectrometry

“…PCs are non‐protein cysteine‐rich oligopeptides with γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n ‐Gly . Several PC structures have been identified, e.g., iso‐PC n (β‐Ala), iso‐PC n (Ser), iso‐PCn(Glu), iso‐PC n (Gln), des‐Gly‐PC n and des‐γGlu‐iso‐PC n (Gly) . In this study, four PCs and 18 PC derivatives were identified and their structures was classified into nine families, i.e., PC n , iso‐PC n (Glu), iso‐PC n (Ser), des‐Gly‐PC n , iso‐PC n (Gln), iso‐PC n (Asn), iso‐PC n (Cys), des‐cys‐iso‐PC n (Glu) and des‐γGlu‐iso‐PC n (Ser).…”

“…It has been reported that PCs have several derivatives, e.g., γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n ‐β‐Ala, γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n ‐Ser, γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n ‐Glu, γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n ‐Gln and γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n , where Gly is either absent or substituted by another amino acid such as Glu, β‐Ala, Ser and Gln . γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n ‐β‐Ala, named iso‐PC n (β‐Ala), was first identified in Phaseoleae in 1986; γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n , which lacks the C‐terminal amino acid, was first discovered in maize in 1987; γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n ‐Glu, named iso‐PC n (Glu), was confirmed in Cd‐exposed maize in 1993; γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n ‐Ser, named iso‐PC n (Ser), was discovered in Poaceae in 1994; γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n ‐Gln, named iso‐PC n (Gln), was isolated from roots of horseradish exposed to cadmium in 2000; and Cys‐γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n‐1 ‐Gly, named des‐Glu‐iso‐γ‐(Glu‐Cys) n ‐Gly, was detected in Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter in 2014 …”