Strategic Doping Approach of the Fe–BiOI Microstructure: An Improved Photodegradation Efficiency of Tetracycline

Abstract

The present study describes the strategic doping of Fe metal ions into a BiOI microstructure using ex situ and in situ processes to synthesize a Fe−BiOI microstructure and their effect on photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC). The data suggested that in situ Fe−BiOI (Fe−BiOI-In) has superior performance compared to ex situ Fe−BiOI (Fe−BiOI-Ex) due to the uniform dispersion of Fe within the Fe−BiOI material. Calculated bandgaps ∼1.8, ∼1.5, and 2.4 eV were observed for BiOI (without Fe), Fe−BiOI-In, and Fe−BiOI-Ex, respectively. Interestingly, Fe incorporation within BiOI might decrease the bandgap in Fe−BiOI-In due to the uniform distribution of metal ions, whereas increasing the bandgap in Fe−BiOI-Ex attributed to nonuniform distribution or agglomeration of metal ions. The uniform dispersion of Fe within Fe−BiOI modulates electronic properties as well as increases the exposure of Fe ions with TC, thereby higher degradation efficiency of TC. The in situ Fe−BiOI material shows 67 and 100% degradation of TC at 10 and 1 mg/L, respectively. The TC degradation was also found to be pH-dependent; when increasing the pH value up to 10, 94% degradation was achieved at 10 mg/L within 60 min of solar irradiation. The analysis was also performed over BiOI, which proves that Fe has a profound effect on TC degradation as Fe(II) tends to trigger oxidation−reduction by utilizing the chelate formation tendency of TC. Therefore, the prepared Fe−BiOI-In has the potential ability to degrade pharmaceutical compounds, especially, TC from wastewater.

Review On Strategies For the Design and Synthesis of Flower‐Like Bi2WO6 and BiOX (X=F, Cl, Br, I) Composites for Photocatalytic Environmental Remediation

“…Nevertheless, there is an abundant work done on the doping of the metals to the Bi‐Based inorganic semiconductors to augments its photocatalytic activity. The strategic doping of the transition metals in BiOI, Bi 2 WO 6 and BiOBr improves its photocatalytic efficiency such as Fe‐doped BiOI microstructure degrades the tetracycline, [126] Zn 2+ doped BiOI used for the removal of the NO under solar response, [127] ZnO‐BiOI heterostructure to undermine the RhB [128] . However, some of the 3d transition metals such as a Co‐doped Fe 3 O 4 /Bi 2 WO 6 magnetically retrievable photocatalyst for degradation of the contaminants, [129] Ni 2+ /Cu 2+ doped Bi 2 WO 6 nanosheets also enhances the photocatalytic performance [130] and moreover the inner‐transition elements also used for the photocatalytic degradation of 2,4,5‐Trichlorophenoxyacetic using Eu doped Bi 2 WO 6 , [131] Pr 3+ doped Bi 2 WO 6 for RhB degradation for water remediation [132] .…”

2D-Nanolayer (2D-NL)-Based Hybrid Materials: A Next-Generation Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

“…The captivated energy helps the electron eject from the valence band. Numerous studies have suggested that the metals and their oxides that efficiently decrease/increase band gap values subsequently improve the performance of the semiconductor materials [52][53][54][55][56][57]. Inorganic dopants are a class of dopants that includes carbon-based nanomaterials (CB-NMs) such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), graphene, GO, and rGO.…”

Alkali-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of I-deficient Nanoplatelet BiOI Microflowers with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Performance for Degradation of Organic Pollutants

“…Bismuth oxyhalides (BiOXs, X = Cl, Br, and I) are a new family of excellent visible light-responsive photocatalysts characterized by their layered structures interleaved with [Bi 2 O 2 ] 2+ slabs and double X – slabs. − This unique structure helps build an internal static electric field between [Bi 2 O 2 ] 2+ and X – , thus improving the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs . Among BiOXs, BiOI has attracted considerable interest owing to its relatively narrow band gap compared with BiOCl and broad absorption in the visible-light region. − However, practical applications of BiOI-based photocatalysts are still limited because of the high recombination rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. , …”