Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861

The Dilemma of Freedom: A Chinese Story in the Coolie Diaspora to Cuba (1847–1853)

“…This terrible practice of new slavery would change with the intervention of the Chinese government, which sent a political commission to Cuba and Peru to recover Chinese statements about the humanitarian conditions of the immigrants working in the Caribbean and South America. 32 This reflection of moral conceptions would offer more elements if considering the experiences inside China. For example, in 1860, Pek-Ito Leang, a helpless 18-yearsold woman from a small town (Tong Wha), received attention because of her public crucifixion.…”

“…In this sense, the purpose is to make more complex the rationality of immigrating from China to Cuba in the quality of indenture service to determine two possible scenarios: the first one explains that social chaos, resulting from the recent sociopolitical turmoil, that drives the inner economy to extreme conditions of poverty, war, passivity, lack of interest, and willingness, act as the main reason and the explanation to the rational action. The second one explores dealers' role and tricks to raise their income by selling more Chinese coolies [27][28][29][30][31][32].…”