Strain variations and three-dimensional strain factorization at the transition from the southern to the central Appalachians

Quantifying the geometry, displacements, and subresolution deformation in thrust-ramp anticlines with growth and erosion: From models to seismic-reflection profile

“…Our values are also within a factor of two (or less) of the À5% to À10% measured by Couzens et al (1993) for a part of the Appalachian fold-thrust belt.…”

Synfolding remagnetization and deformation: results from Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks in West Virginia

“…Strain partitioning was performed to evaluate the relative magnitude of the deformation mechanism(s) that are responsible for the strain in the rocks and to examine the relationship between rock strain and magnetic response. Strain partitioning (Ramsay & Huber 1983; Groshong et al 1984; Wu 1989; Evans & Dunne 1991; Couzens et al 1993; Onasch 1994; Harrison & Onasch 2000) is an effort to separate the finite strain into components caused by different deformation mechanisms. For limestones deformed at low temperatures (<200 °C) as in this study, finite strain may be partitioned into: (1) a compaction pressure solution with pressure solution surfaces parallel to bedding; (2) a tectonic pressure solution with pressure solution surfaces at a high angle to, or normal to bedding; (3) a calcite twinning strain; (4) an intragranular strain resulting from dislocation mechanisms; and (5) an intergranular strain resulting from diffusion accommodated grain boundary sliding (GBS).…”

“…Strain partitioning was performed to evaluate the relative magnitude of the deformation mechanism(s) that are responsible for the strain in the rocks and to examine the relationship between rock strain and magnetic response. Strain partitioning (Ramsay & Huber 1983;Groshong et al 1984;Wu 1989;Evans & Dunne 1991;Couzens et al 1993;Onasch 1994;Harrison & Onasch 2000) is an effort to separate the finite strain into components caused by different deformation mechanisms. For limestones deformed at low temperatures (<200 • C) as in this study, finite strain may be partitioned into:…”

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Penetrative Strain During Compression: Insights From Analog Models

“…One is that in the models, penetrative strain is accommodated by one mechanism (compaction of sand grains), and in nature, penetrative strain may occur by a number of different mechanisms, including calcite twinning and pressure solution, as noted previously. In addition, penetrative strain in nature can often be separated into an earlier, typically layer-parallel strain, and a later stage of penetrative strain, which will not necessarily be layer-parallel due to layer rotation (Geiser and Engelder, 1983;Couzens et al, 1993;Gray and Mitra, 1993). These distinct events do not appear to occur in the models, perhaps because the sand pack is not sufficiently anisotropic, even under variable shortening directions.…”

“…Penetrative strain can include layer-parallel strain (defined strictly as the maximum contractional strain accumulated parallel to layering; Groshong, 1975), and later strains that are imposed horizontally on layers that are no longer horizontal (Couzens et al, 1993;Mitra and Yonkee, 1985). On the grain scale, penetrative strain may be accommodated by a combination of intragranular deformation such as twinning, dislocation glide and creep, or the development of other strain fabrics, and intergranular processes such as stylolitization, cleavage development, or grain impingement (Groshong, 1975;Engelder and Engelder, 1977;Engelder, 1979;Henderson et al, 1986;Onasch, 1993;Tavarnelli, 1997).…”