Strain-induced crystallization of carbon black-filled natural rubber during fatigue measured by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Beurrot-Borgarino, Stéphanie; Huneau, Bertrand; Verron, Erwan; Rublon, Pierre

doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2012.07.001

Cited by 50 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In situ WAXD measurements are conducted with a homemade fatigue machine using two electrical actuators which apply a cyclic sinusoidal extension to the rubber sample; this machine has been already used in a previous study [14]. It is fixed on a mobile diffractometer on the DiffAbs beamline at the French national synchrotron facility SOLEIL.…”

Section: In Situ Waxd Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiaxial deformation and strain-induced crystallization around a fatigue crack in natural rubber

Rublon

Huneau

Verron

et al. 2014

Engineering Fracture Mechanics

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, et al.. Multiaxial deformation and strain-induced crystallization around a fatigue crack in natural rubber. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Elsevier, 2014, 123, pp.59-69. 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014 Multiaxial deformation and strain-induced crystallization around a fatigue crack in natural rubber The study of fatigue crack propagation in elastomers is an essential prerequisite to improve the service life of tire products. Natural rubber is a key compound in tires, because of its unique mechanical properties and more particularly its remarkable resistance to fatigue crack growth as compared to synthetic rubbers. To explain this resistance, the literature often mentions the phenomenon of strain-induced crystallization which takes place at fatigue crack tips in natural rubber and then reinforces it. In the present study, an original experimental set-up that couples synchrotron radiation with a homemade mechanical fatigue machine is developed to investigate both strain-induced crystallization and deformation multiaxiality around fatigue cracks in natural rubber. During uninterrupted fatigue tests, recording of wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns is performed in the crack tip region providing the two-dimensional spatial distribution of both crystallinity and principal strain directions. In particular, the influence of loading conditions on the size of the crystallized zone is investigated and related to fatigue crack growth rates. Finally, measurements of deformation multiaxiality, i.e. principal strain directions and change in thickness, obtained by this method are successfully compared with digital image correlation results.

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Section: In Situ Waxd Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiaxial deformation and strain-induced crystallization around a fatigue crack in natural rubber

Rublon

Huneau

Verron

et al. 2014

Engineering Fracture Mechanics

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“…More recently, Rouviè re et al (2007) performed interrupted fatigue tests, WAXD acquisitions being performed at a fixed strain level during 45 min; this method renders difficult the split between SIC due to fatigue and SIC due to maintained stretch during measurements. Beurrot-Borgarino et al (2013) overcame this difficulty using synchrotron radiation to reduce the exposure time to 1 s. Finally, it is noted that only two papers investigated the crystallinity in the neighbourhood of a crack tip: Lee & Donovan (1987) measured the distribution of crystallinity along the propagation direction of a crack in both carbon black filled and unfilled NR, and Trabelsi et al (2002) extended the WAXD measurements to the whole neighbourhood of the crack tip in unfilled NR. In both cases the measurements were performed at fixed stretch.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situsynchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction investigation of fatigue cracks in natural rubber

et al. 2012

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, et al.. In situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction investigation of fatigue cracks in natural rubber. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, International Union of Crystallography, 2013Crystallography, , 20, pp.105-109. 10.1107 In situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction investigation of fatigue cracks in natural rubber Natural rubber exhibits remarkable mechanical fatigue properties usually attributed to strain-induced crystallization. To investigate this phenomenon, an original experimental set-up that couples synchrotron radiation with a homemade fatigue machine has been developed. Diffraction-pattern recording is synchronized with cyclic loading in order to obtain spatial distributions of crystallinity in the sample at prescribed times of the mechanical cycles. Then, real-time measurement of crystallinity is permitted during uninterrupted fatigue experiments. First results demonstrate the relevance of the method: the set-up is successfully used to measure the crystallinity distribution around a fatigue crack tip in a carbon black filled natural rubber for different loading conditions.

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“…26 and has led to the proposal of a scenario to explain the evolution of crystallinity under fatigue loading conditions. It will not be further analyzed in the present paper.…”

Section: Evolution Of V During Fatigue Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Strain-Induced Crystallization in Natural Rubber During Fatigue Testing: In Situ Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction Measurements Using Synchrotron Radiation

Beurrot-Borgarino

Huneau

Verron

et al. 2014

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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cuta, et al.. Characteristics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber during fatigue testing: in situ wide-angle x-ray diffraction measurements using synchrotron radiation. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, American Chemical Society, 2014, 87 (1), pp.184-196. 10 ABSTRACTStrain-induced crystallization of carbon black-filled natural rubber is investigated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) during in situ fatigue tests using synchrotron radiation. Thanks to an original experimental method, we measure the evolution with the number of cycles of: (i ) the index of crystallinity, both (ii ) size and (iii ) orientation of the crystallites, and finally (iv) the lattice parameters. It is shown that when the minimum stretch ratio of the fatigue test is lower than the onset of melting of the crystallites, then the index of crystallinity and the size of the crystallites decrease, whereas they increase when the minimum stretch ratio is higher than the onset of melting. For all the fatigue tests, the misorientation of the crystallites slightly decreases and the lattice parameters remain constant with the number of cycles.

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Strain-induced crystallization of carbon black-filled natural rubber during fatigue measured by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Cited by 50 publications

References 29 publications

Multiaxial deformation and strain-induced crystallization around a fatigue crack in natural rubber

Multiaxial deformation and strain-induced crystallization around a fatigue crack in natural rubber

In situsynchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction investigation of fatigue cracks in natural rubber

Characteristics of Strain-Induced Crystallization in Natural Rubber During Fatigue Testing: In Situ Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction Measurements Using Synchrotron Radiation

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