Straight-line endodontic access to anterior teeth

Morphological Measurements of Anatomic Landmarks in Pulp Chambers of Human Anterior Teeth

“…This line of reasoning has probably delayed the measurement of anatomic landmarks on various teeth for decades. In a paper concerning access in anterior teeth, LaTurno and Zillich (4) showed that radiographic analysis of teeth indicated that a more labial orientation of the access opening would provide straight-line access to the canal more consistently than the traditional lingual access opening. Although they were concerned about access and consequently the pulp chamber, no measurements were taken.…”

Comparison of apical centring ability between incisal‐shifted access and traditional lingual access for maxillary anterior teeth

“…In anterior teeth, there is controversy regarding TLA (7–9), which is critical to gain straight-line access because the long axis of the tooth crown and the axis of the root canal are usually at an angle. TLA is still used clinically and is included as part of academic curricula (5, 6).…”

“…This is because a discrepancy usually exists between the long axis of the crown and the long axis of the root canal. Laturno and Zillich (7) and Zillich and Jerome (8) have reported that TLA achieved straight-line access in the maxillary central and lateral incisors in only 10% and 0.8% of cases, respectively. In these studies, they also demonstrated that shifting the location of access from the centre of the lingual surface to the incisal edge increases accessibility from the coronal aspect of the root to the apex.…”

“…Previous studies have shown that ISA provides better access to the root canal (7–9) for anterior teeth. However, little is known about the effect of ISA on canal shaping in the apical area.…”

Recognition of Root Canal Orifices in Video Sequences as a Future Support System During Endodontic Treatment

“…After thorough cleaning, the lower third of the tooth roots were fixed in a plaster block. In this position, the teeth were then accessed according to the applicable rules (10)(11)(12); this involved removing the entire top of the pulp chamber to provide a view of the entire floor of the pulp chamber from a certain angle. Pulp tissue was removed using 3% natriumhypochlorid and a hand excavator (E1 Excavator; Hu-Fiedy, Chicago, IL) and extirpation needles.…”