Strabismus in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Kaplan, Melvin; Rimland, Bernard; Edelson, Stephen M.

doi:10.1177/108835769901400205

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Extensive research studies have been performed to understand the nature of visual processing in these patients. Studies have included measures of contrast sensitivity, face recognition, visual search, motion perception and depth perception . Interestingly, performance during psychophysical testing suggested enhanced perception, when particular stimulus features were shown.…”

Section: The Complexity Of Ocular Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The challenges of providing eye care for adults with intellectual disabilities

Wong

Park

et al. 2015

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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This review is intended to raise awareness of the importance of providing high-quality eye care for people with intellectual disabilities and the increasing need for this eye care to be community-based. We describe the challenges to the provision of high-quality community-based eye care for people with intellectual disabilities and ideas, evidence and methods for overcoming them.The prevalence of visual impairment in people with intellectual disabilities has been reported to be at least 40 per cent, rising to as high as 100 per cent in those with profound and severe disabilities. A progressive move toward deinstitutionalisation has shifted the provision of care for people with intellectual disabilities. Individuals can have the freedom to access health-care services of their choice. This has posed challenges to the health-care system, including how to deliver high-quality community-based eye care, creating a current significant unmet need for eye-care services. Undiagnosed refractive error and under-prescription of spectacles are major reasons for avoidable visual impairment among people with disabilities. There is an apparent reluctance of optometrists to engage in this work due to the perceived difficulties of working with people with intellectual and multiple disabilities.There are challenges associated with diagnosis and management of ocular conditions in people with intellectual disabilities and the demand is clear. Small shifts in training, knowledge and awareness would place optometry well to meet the challenges of this specialised area of eye care.

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Section: The Complexity Of Ocular Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The challenges of providing eye care for adults with intellectual disabilities

Wong

Park

et al. 2015

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…Examples of perceptual abnormalities include abnormal retinal function (Creel et al 1989); restricted ocular motility (Scharre and Creedon 1992); reduced optokinetic nystagmus (Scharre and Creedon 1992); reduced smooth pursuit (Scharre and Creedon 1992) although others have reported no abnormalities in smooth pursuit (Kemner et al 2004); reduced pursuit gain (Takarae et al 2004); increased incidence of strabismus (Denis et al 1997;Kaplan et al 1999;Scharre and Creedon 1992); and impaired saccadic suppression (Minshew et al 1999). For a review see Milne and Griffiths (2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Vision in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Evidence for Reduced Convergence

Milne¹,

Griffiths

Buckley

et al. 2009

J Autism Dev Disord

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Evidence of atypical perception in individuals with ASD is mainly based on self report, parental questionnaires or psychophysical/cognitive paradigms. There have been relatively few attempts to establish whether binocular vision is enhanced, intact or abnormal in those with ASD. To address this, we screened visual function in 51 individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and 44 typically developing individuals by measuring visual acuity, stereoacuity, convergence, divergence, ocular motility, incidence of strabismus and integrity of the optokinetic response. The data suggest that many aspects of vision, including visual acuity, are unaffected in ASD, but that convergence is an aspect of visual function that merits further research in those with ASD.

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“…Repetitive, stereotypical behaviours may include eye pressing, hand flicking, light gazing and rocking (Turner 1999). Similar repetitive behaviours have been evidenced in congenitally blind children, particularly eye poking, rubbing and rocking (Hobson et al 1999;Kaplan et al 1999;Scharre and Creedon 1992;Turner 1999). Equally present in both groups are the verbal traits of echolalia and pronominal reversal (Turner 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Autism and Visual Impairment: a Review of the Literature

Butchart¹,

Long²,

Brown

et al. 2017

Rev J Autism Dev Disord

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Purpose This review presents the evidence on the prevalence of visual impairments in children and adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and the similar behavioural traits associated with both visual impairment and autism. Method A systematic literature review was conducted using online databases. Results Seven studies explored the incidence of visual impairments in people with ASD and found a higher incidence of strabismus (squint) (8.3%) than in a comparable child population (1.5 to 5.3%). Eleven studies identified behavioural traits common to both autistic and visually impaired populations. The majority were small-scale screening studies using varied methodologies, constituting an emerging field of research. Conclusion Further large-scale, multicentre studies are required to accurately identify prevalence rates of ophthalmic conditions in people with ASD. There is a small but evolving evidence base that establishes behavioural and linguistic traits common to both visual impairment and autism.

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Strabismus in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Cited by 20 publications

References 11 publications

The challenges of providing eye care for adults with intellectual disabilities

The challenges of providing eye care for adults with intellectual disabilities

Vision in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Evidence for Reduced Convergence

Autism and Visual Impairment: a Review of the Literature

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