Strabismus Associated with Craniofacial Anomalies

Cross-Coupled Eye Movement Supports Neural Origin of Pattern Strabismus

“…19,20 Heterotopy of orbital pulleys and instability of the horizontal recti are proposed mechanisms of pattern strabismus in patients with craniofacial dysmorphism or connective tissue disorders. [21][22][23] It is, however, noteworthy that not all patients with pattern strabismus have abnormal orbital structure, neither do the monkeys with sensory induced strabismus. 24 Thus, orbital anomalies are unlikely to be the cause of pattern strabismus in all cases.…”

Strabismus in Craniosynostosis

“…12 Children with craniosynostosis syndromes can have a range of ophthalmic complications, including eyelid anomalies, proptosis, corneal surface issues due to exposure, refractive error, strabismus, and papilledema or optic atrophy related to increased intracranial pressure. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The purpose of this article is to discuss strabismus related to craniofacial disorders, specifi cally the most common forms of craniosynostosis.…”

An unusual extraocular muscle anomaly in a patient with Crouzon's disease.

“…Limitation of eye movement in Crouzon's disease is due both to the shallowness of the orbital cavitv and to its position in angulation2-468-'0 12 13 and to extraocular muscle abnormalities.' "' " In craniofacial dysostosis there is stenosis of the cranial sutures and shortening of orbital roof bv distinctive bulging of the pterion into the temporal fossa, together with increased intracranial pressure of the growing brain on the orbital roof.…”