Storm Influence on the Accumulation and Lamination of Sediments in Deep Areas of the Northwestern Baltic Proper

Eckhéll, Jan; Jonsson, Per R.; Meili, Markus; Carman, Rolf

doi:10.1639/0044-7447(2000)029[0238:siotaa]2.0.co;2

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…30%) and non-depositional/transportational (approx. Eckh ell et al 2000). Accumulation areas are found at water depths >80 m but can also occur at shallower depths in depressions and/or wind/wave/ current-protected areas.…”

Section: Depositional Environment In the Baltic Seamentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Jonsson et al 1990;Brydsten 1993;Christiansen et al 1997) and previously eroded sediment constitutes a major fraction of the material deposited in the deeper basins (e.g. Eckh ell et al 2000). Transportational areas are characterized as the transitional zone between erosion (source for suspended matter) and accumulation (final deposition) areas.…”

Section: Depositional Environment In the Baltic Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards an event stratigraphy for Baltic Sea sediments deposited since AD 1900: approaches and challenges

Moros

Andersen

Schulz–Bull

et al. 2016

Boreas

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Reconstructions of environmental changes at sub-decadal to decadal resolution based on central Baltic Sea sediments rely on accurate and precise high-resolution sediment depth/age relationships. A model chronology for Baltic Sea sediments is presented here based on established historical records of anthropogenic radionuclides ( 137 Cs/ 241 Am/bomb 14 C), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead (Pb) and stable lead isotope ( 206/207 Pb ratios), and radionuclide 210 Pb and 14 C decay dating methods. Marker horizons consisting of chemical precipitates formed by documented Major Baltic Inflow (MBIs) events and an extended diatom bloom period were also integrated into the model. The main time markers in Baltic Sea sediments that formed during the last 120 years were the following: (i) the deepest observation of 210 Pb unsupp. (marking the 210 Pb dating horizon) and departure of Hg from natural background levels at c. AD 1900; (ii) first detectable presence of PCBs at AD 1935; (iii) radionuclide production (i.e. 241 Am) due to nuclear weapons testing between AD 1954 and AD 1975, with a peak in AD 1963; (iv) maximum heavy metal and PCB concentrations in the AD 1960s/1970s; (v) the Chernobyl nuclear accident in AD 1986 as a sharp 137 Cs increase; (vi) exceptionally strong diatom blooms with a massive diatom layer found in the Eastern Gotland Basin in AD 1988-1990 and (vii) characteristic manganese-carbonate layers in the deeper central basins formed by MBIs in AD 1993 and AD 2003. A precise and accurate sediment depth/age relationship can only be achieved in restricted areas of the Baltic Sea where continuous sedimentation has prevailed and there has been limited postdepositional disturbance. We demonstrate that parallel Hg and 137 Cs measurements can be used to assess the quality of sediment sequences for high-resolution environmental reconstructions. We show examples of sediment profiles that conform to the historical record, and examples from Western Baltic Sea areas where it appears to be impossible to establish accurate geochronologies.

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Section: Depositional Environment In the Baltic Seamentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Depositional Environment In the Baltic Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an event stratigraphy for Baltic Sea sediments deposited since AD 1900: approaches and challenges

Moros

Andersen

Schulz–Bull

et al. 2016

Boreas

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“…, 2007). Eckhéll et al. (2000) estimated that up to 70% of sediments accumulating in the deep areas of the Baltic Sea are reworked from previous deposits in coastal areas, mostly by storms in the autumn and winter.…”

Section: Physical Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The enrichment of dark laminae in organic particles and pyrite (Table 5) is compatible with deposition during the growing season. The pale lithic laminae accumulate in autumn and winter when increased storminess enhances erosion and transport of clay-rich material from coastal areas towards the central deep areas of the Baltic Sea (Gingele & Leipe, 1997;Eckhéll et al, 2000). Further redistribution of the material in the deeps is facilitated by deep-water currents that accelerate roughly by a factor of three during the autumn and winter.…”

Section: Post-glacial Clays (%) Dark Laminae (%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These brackish-water muds have, therefore, been termed sediment drifts (Virtasalo et al, 2007). Eckhéll et al (2000) estimated that up to 70% of sediments accumulating in the deep areas of the Baltic Sea are reworked from previous deposits in coastal areas, mostly by storms in the autumn and winter. Other sources of the muds are production in the water mass, atmospheric deposition, and fluviatile input that also includes material eroded from previous deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physicochemical and biological influences on sedimentary‐fabric formation in a salinity and oxygen‐restricted semi‐enclosed sea: Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea

et al. 2011

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Two ca 8000 year long sediment cores from the Gotland Deep, the central sub‐basin of the Baltic Sea, were studied by means of digital images, X‐radiographs and scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray mineralogical analysis to gain understanding of the physicochemical and biological influences on sedimentary‐fabric formation in modern and ancient seas with a high flux of organic carbon, and associated oxygen stress and depauperate ichnofauna. Four lithofacies were recognized: (i) sharply laminated mud; (ii) biodeformed mud; (iii) burrow‐mottled mud; and (iv) sedimentation‐event bed. The sharply laminated and burrow‐mottled facies dominate the cores as alternating long intervals, whereas the biodeformed and sedimentation‐event facies occur as thin interbeds within the sharply laminated intervals. The sharply laminated mud comprises alternating diatom‐rich and lithic laminae, with occasional Mn‐carbonate laminae. Lamination discontinuity horizons within the laminites, where the regular lamination is overlain sharply by gently inclined lamination, challenge the traditional view of mud accumulation by settling from suspension, but indicate localized accumulation by particle‐trapping microbial mats and, potentially, by the rapid lateral accretion of mud from bedload transport. The biodeformed interbeds record brief (few years to few decades) oxic–dysoxic conditions that punctuated the anoxic background conditions and permitted sediment‐surface grazing and feeding by a very immature benthic community restricted to the surface mixed tier. The likely biodeformers were meiofauna and nectobenthic pioneers passively imported with currents. The sedimentation‐event interbeds are distal mud turbidites deposited from turbidity currents probably triggered by severe storms on the adjacent coastal areas. The turbidite preservation was favoured by the anoxic background conditions. The long burrow‐mottled intervals are characterized by intensely bioturbated fabrics with discrete Planolites, rare Arenicolites/Polykladichnus and very rare Lockeia trace fossils, as well as bivalve biodeformational structures which represent shallowly penetrating endobenthic feeding and grazing strategies and permanent dwellings. These burrowed intervals represent longer periods (several years to few centuries) of oxic–dysoxic conditions that permitted maturation in the benthos by means of larval settling of opportunistic worm‐like macrofauna and bivalves, resulting in the development of a transition tier. These observations imply more dynamic and oxic depositional conditions in Gotland Deep than previously thought. Comparison to previous zoobenthic studies in the area allowed discussion of the benthic dynamics, and the identification of probable biodeforming and trace‐producing species. Implications for current biofacies and trace‐fossil models are discussed.

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Reconstruction of the pollution history of alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol) in the Baltic Sea

Graca

Staniszewska

Zakrzewska

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This paper reports the reconstruction of the pollution history of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) in the Baltic Sea. Alkylphenols are endocrine-disrupting compound and therefore toxic to aquatic organisms. Sediment cores were collected from regions with relatively stable sedimentation conditions. The cores were dated by the 210Pb method. The OP and NP were determined using HPLC-FL. The highest inventory of these compounds was observed in the Gotland Deep (610 μg m2 of NP and 47 μg m2 of OP) and the lowest—on the slope of the Gdansk Deep (24 μg m2 of NP and 16 μg m2 of OP). Such spatial distribution was probably, among other factors, the result of the uplift of the sea floor. The pollution trends of OP and NP in sediments coincided with the following: (1) the beginnings of eutrophication (1960s/1970s of the twentieth century) and (2) strong increase in the areal extent and volume of hypoxia and anoxia in the Baltic (present century).Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6262-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Storm Influence on the Accumulation and Lamination of Sediments in Deep Areas of the Northwestern Baltic Proper

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Towards an event stratigraphy for Baltic Sea sediments deposited since AD 1900: approaches and challenges

Towards an event stratigraphy for Baltic Sea sediments deposited since AD 1900: approaches and challenges

Physicochemical and biological influences on sedimentary‐fabric formation in a salinity and oxygen‐restricted semi‐enclosed sea: Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea

Reconstruction of the pollution history of alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol) in the Baltic Sea

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