“…Another area for error within handoffs is a lack of efficiency (Lofgren, Gottlieb, Williams, & Rich, 1990; Lyons, Standley, & Gupta, 2010). In testing a sample, there is time limitation on the plasma that is used in cytology tests (Balassanian, Ng, & van Zante, 2019). If the sample is expired, then validity in the test results can be questionable.…”