Stonefish Stings, and the Venom Apparatus of Synanceja horrida (Linnaeus)

Halstead, Bruce W.; Chitwood, Myrna J.; Modglin, F. Rene

doi:10.2307/3223610

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The venom glands consist of large glandular cells surrounded by supporting cells that stabilise the venom gland [6]. Microscopy of the gland cells showed them to lack Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum, which are associated with protein-secreting cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the estuarine stonefish (Synanceia horrida) venom composition

Ziegman

Undheim

Baillie

et al. 2019

Journal of Proteomics

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The Estuarine stonefish (Synanceia horrida) is recognised as one of the most venomous fish species in the world but the overall venom composition has yet to be investigated using indepth transcriptomic and proteomic methods. To date, known venom components are restricted to a hyaluronidase and a large, pore-forming toxin known as Stonustoxin (SNTX). Transcriptomic sequencing of the venom gland resulted in over 170,000 contigs with only 0.4% that were homologous to putative venom proteins. Integration of the transcriptomic data with proteomic data from the S. horrida venom confirmed the hyaluronidase and SNTX to be present, together with several other protein families including major contributions from Ctype lectins. Other protein families observed included peroxiredoxin and several minor protein families such as Golgi-associated plant pathogenesis related proteins, tissue pathway factor inhibitors, and Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors that, although not putative venom proteins, may contribute to the venom's adverse effects. Biological Significance: Proteomic analysis of milked Synanceia horrida venom, paired with transcriptomic analysis of the venom gland tissue revealed for the first time the composition of one of the world's most dangerous fish venoms. The results demonstrate that the venom is relatively less complex compared to other well-studied venomous animals with a number of unique proteins not previously found in animal venoms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the estuarine stonefish (Synanceia horrida) venom composition

Ziegman

Undheim

Baillie

et al. 2019

Journal of Proteomics

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“…Typically, the glands are composed of large glandular cells surrounded by supporting cells, which provide stability to the gland and connect it to the surrounding tissue [ 19 ]. Evidence points to a holocrine secretion method for the venom [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Additionally, histology often shows the presence of cytoplasmic granules on the internal surface of the gland cell membranes [ 23 ], and smaller granules could also be found in the vacuoles contained in the gland cells [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Slow healing and necrosis have been observed following envenomation [ 42 ]. It is generally thought that if death is going to occur it will do so within the first several hours following contact [ 20 ]. The extent of the damage from envenomation can vary according to the relevant species, number and depth of envenomation sites, and individual reaction to the venom components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive Components in Fish Venoms

Ziegman

Alewood

2015

Toxins

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Animal venoms are widely recognized excellent resources for the discovery of novel drug leads and physiological tools. Most are comprised of a large number of components, of which the enzymes, small peptides, and proteins are studied for their important bioactivities. However, in spite of there being over 2000 venomous fish species, piscine venoms have been relatively underrepresented in the literature thus far. Most studies have explored whole or partially fractioned venom, revealing broad pharmacology, which includes cardiovascular, neuromuscular, cytotoxic, inflammatory, and nociceptive activities. Several large proteinaceous toxins, such as stonustoxin, verrucotoxin, and Sp-CTx, have been isolated from scorpaenoid fish. These form pores in cell membranes, resulting in cell death and creating a cascade of reactions that result in many, but not all, of the physiological symptoms observed from envenomation. Additionally, Natterins, a novel family of toxins possessing kininogenase activity have been found in toadfish venom. A variety of smaller protein toxins, as well as a small number of peptides, enzymes, and non-proteinaceous molecules have also been isolated from a range of fish venoms, but most remain poorly characterized. Many other bioactive fish venom components remain to be discovered and investigated. These represent an untapped treasure of potentially useful molecules.

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“…Dornen und Drüsenzellen sind von einer dünnen Haut überzogen. Beim Einstich reißt diese Haut auf, die Drüsenzellen werden förmlich ausgepresst,und das Gift gelangt in die Stichwunde [10,16]. Stiche durch Petermännchen sind alltägliche Ereignisse an bestimmten Küstenabschnitten Europas und häufen sich im Hochsommer, da die Fische insbesondere zur Laichzeit (Frühjahr,Sommer) flache Küstengewäs-ser aufsuchen.…”

Section: Diskussionunclassified

Persistierende Hautreaktion und Raynaud-Syndrom nach einem Stich durch den Fisch Echiichthys draco (Peterm�nnchen)

2003

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A 54-year-old recreational angler was stung in his right forefinger by Echiichthys draco. Within a few seconds he developed severe swelling with extreme pain sensation at the sting site, accompanied by dizziness and chill. Even under morphine therapy the pain symptoms were only slightly reduced. During the subsequent weeks, an erythema with marginate medium-sized scaling developed at the sting site and the patient experienced a approximately 50% reduced bending capacity of the forefinger and permanent numbness in this region. After 4 months, Raynaud phenomenon developed limited to the right forefinger. Great weever fishes (Echiichthys spp.) are the most venomous fishes in European waters. In humans, life-threatening sting reactions occur only in exceptional cases. As a commercial antiserum is not available, the therapy is mainly empiric (General measures of first aid and emergency medicine, the wound should be thoroughly washed). Patients should be informed that reduced motion ability, swelling or Raynaud's phenomenon can persist for several months.

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Stonefish Stings, and the Venom Apparatus of Synanceja horrida (Linnaeus)

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Investigation of the estuarine stonefish (Synanceia horrida) venom composition

Investigation of the estuarine stonefish (Synanceia horrida) venom composition

Bioactive Components in Fish Venoms

Persistierende Hautreaktion und Raynaud-Syndrom nach einem Stich durch den Fisch Echiichthys draco (Peterm�nnchen)

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