STOMATAL MOVEMENTS AND CHANGES OF CARBOHYDRATE IN LEAVES OF <i>CHRYSANTHEMUM MAXIMUM</i>

Yemm, E. W.; Willis, A. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1954.tb05248.x

Cited by 66 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…2), there being an evident negative relationship between the stomatal starch and pore width (Yemm and Willis, 1954;Willis and Jefferies, 1963;Pemadasa, 1976). However, the starch changes were more substantial in the abaxial than in the adaxial guard cells, and the difference was further exaggerated by the leaf inversion.…”

Section: Diurnal Stomatal Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Admittedly, the scores are subjective, and should be regarded as having meaning in comparative rather than in absolute terms. Somewhat comparable scoring methods have been used successfully to estimate stomatal starch by Williams and Barratt (1953) and Yemm and Willis (1954). Artificial illumination was provided by water-cooled 'Osram* reflector lamps (150 W^).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fully expanded leaves from plants growing in the departmental garden were used experimentally. Stomatal measurements were made by microscopic examination of epidermal strips fixed in absolute ethanol (Lloyd, 1908) and stained in Iodine-Phenol-KI reagent (Heath, 1947), using a Leitz filar micrometer eye-piece, and the starch content of the guard cells was estimated by the 'scoring* method of Yemm and Willis (1954). Stomatal potassium was stained by the histochemical procedure given by Willmer and Mansfield (1970), and was assessed by a simple arbitrary 'scoring' system based upon the extent to which the guard cells contained the black cohalt sulphide precipitate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Movements of Abaxial and Adaxial Stomata

Pemadasa

1979

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYA comparative study was made of diurnal movements, and responses to a range of light intensities, of abaxial and adaxial stomata on normal and inverted leaves of Stachytarpheta indica by microscopic examination of epidermal strips fixed in absolute ethanol. Additional observations were made on Coreopsis grandifiora, Crotalaria retusa and Tridax procumbens. The natural diurnal movements in the field and light-induced opening in the laboratory and accompanied changes in concentrations of starch and potassium in the guard cells were all substantially more pronounced in the shaded abaxial stomata than in the exposed adaxial stomata on normal leaves. The effect of leaf inversion was to accentuate these differences considerably. Carbon dioxide-free air was not effective in overcoming the differences in opening ability of abaxial and adaxial stomata. The differential behaviour of abaxial and adaxial stomata is related, to a great extent, to differential changes in concentrations of starch and potassium in abaxial and adaxial guard cells. The greater photosensitivity of abaxial stomata is a widespread phenomenon occurring in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons irrespective of differences in stomatal density; the adaptive significance of this phenomenon is brieffy mentioned.

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Section: Diurnal Stomatal Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Movements of Abaxial and Adaxial Stomata

Pemadasa

1979

New Phytologist

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“…Hence it is only after this time that phase II uptake is apparent. The fact that phase II follows phase I renders the method of Yemm and Willis (1954) inadmissable. They eliminate uptake due to phase II by obtaining the slope of uptake during this phase and extrapolating back to zero time.…”

Section: (C) Effect Of Metabolic Inhibitors On Changes In Fresh Weighmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Re-Examination of the Relative Turgidity Technique for Estimating Water Deficits in Leaves

Barrs¹,

Weatherley²

1962

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

2,742

1,305

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SummaryThe relative turgidity technique consists in comparing the initial and turgid water contents, on a percentage basis, of disks punched from leaves, the turgid water content being obtained by floating the disks on water.Three main sources of error associated with flotation are recognized: (1) changes in dry weight of the disks; (2) continued increase in water content after the attain· ment of full turgidity; (3) injection of the intercellular spaces at the cut edges of the disks.An examination of these sources of error led to the following conclusions concerning them:(1) By regulating the light intensity approximately to the compensation point, dry weight changes can be reduced to unimportant proportions. This obviates the necessity of taking duplicate samples since the final dry weight can be used for calculating both the initial and turgid water content of the disks.(2) Water uptake by floating leaf disks can be divided into two phases, phase I in response to the initial water deficit, and phase II the continued uptake, due to growth. The aim of the technique is to measure phase I alone. Metabolic inhibitors eliminated phase II but their use in the technique is unpractical (anaerobiosis) or objectionable (potassium cyanide). Low temperature (3°C) eliminated phase II but reduced phase I which itself appears to be divisible into more than one phase.It was found that for Ricinus communis L. full turgidity was attained in 4 hr and in this period phase II increase did not occur. A similar period appears to be suitable for a wide range of material. This short flotation time also reduced any danger of dry weight changes.(3) Injection errors were measured and found to be negligible for Ricinus.For Sambucus nigra L. they were considerable. Evidently the magnitude of this error varies with the species concerned.Plastic flow or irreversible contraction of the cell walls of turgid or wilted disks respectively was not found to be of importance.

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“…Illumination was provided, as required, by a water-cooled 'Osram' refiector lamp giving an intensity of approximately 1650 ft-candles. Water deficits of the leaves were measured by the method described by Yemm and Willis (1954). Comparable leaves, situated immediately above or below the leaf enclosed in the chamber, were excised for water deficit estimations about 5-10 minutes before the experimental leaf was illuminated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

STOMATAL MOVEMENTS AND RATES OF GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN EXCISED LEAVES OF VICIA FABA

Balasubramaniam

Willis

1969

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYSimultaneous measurements of leaf resistance to gaseous flow, rate of transpiration and rate of carbon dioxide exchange were made with the main object of investigating the effects of severing the petiole on stomatal movements and gaseous exchange of leaves of Vida faha of differing initial water content.Extensive stomatal changes occurred on cutting the petioles of illuminated leaves in air. The magnitude and direction of the stomatal movements were strongly influenced by the water relations of the leaf at the time of excision. When the water deficit was small there was a substantial temporary stomiatal opening and corresponding temporary increases in rates of transpiration and photosynthesis. In leaves of moderate water deficit the stomatal opening on leaf excision was much less pronounced and, in leaves under severe water stress at the time of cutting, there was little evidence of any immediate stomatal response. Preliminary stomatal opening and a temporary increase in transpiration rate were also observed in leaves excised in air from plants kept in darkness. In experiments in which the illuminated leaves were severed under water, however, a temporary increase of leaf resistance to gaseous flow was found on leaf excision, and associated declines in rates of transpiration and of photosynthesis.The changes in transpiration rate resulting from leaf severance are clearly associated with stomatal behaviour, and there is evidence of close stomatal control, under these conditions, of rates of transpiration and of photosynthesis. The phenomena involved in leaf excision both in air and under water are discussed and stomatal behaviour shown to depend to a considerable extent on the water relations of the leaf; stomatal movements are interpreted largely in terms of differential turgor changes in the guard cells and neighbouring epidermal cells.

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STOMATAL MOVEMENTS AND CHANGES OF CARBOHYDRATE IN LEAVES OF CHRYSANTHEMUM MAXIMUM

Cited by 66 publications

References 38 publications

Movements of Abaxial and Adaxial Stomata

Movements of Abaxial and Adaxial Stomata

A Re-Examination of the Relative Turgidity Technique for Estimating Water Deficits in Leaves

STOMATAL MOVEMENTS AND RATES OF GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN EXCISED LEAVES OF VICIA FABA

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