Stochastic electromagnetic field propagation— measurement and modelling

Gradoni, Gabriele; Russer, Johannes A.; Baharuddin, Mohd Hafiz; Haider, Michael; Russer, P.; Smartt, Christopher; Creagh, Stephen C.; Tanner, Gregor; Thomas, David William

doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0455

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…DEA does not rely on the ergodic hypothesis (as in PWB) and is computationally efficient for rays surviving tens of thousands of bounces (for which RT becomes computationally demanding) through the environment. Furthermore, either deterministic or stochastics complex sources can be incorporated in DEA through the Wigner function method [ 57 , 58 ], through which the phase of the EM wave field can be accounted for. The classical flux density propagated by DEA is retrieved by the Wigner function by ensemble/frequency averaging.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless power distributions in multi-cavity systems at high frequencies

et al. 2021

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The next generations of wireless networks will work in frequency bands ranging from sub-6 GHz up to 100 GHz. Radio signal propagation differs here in several critical aspects from the behaviour in the microwave frequencies currently used. With wavelengths in the millimetre range (mmWave), both penetration loss and free-space path loss increase, while specular reflection will dominate over diffraction as an important propagation channel. Thus, current channel model protocols used for the generation of mobile networks and based on statistical parameter distributions obtained from measurements become insufficient due to the lack of deterministic information about the surroundings of the base station and the receiver-devices. These challenges call for new modelling tools for channel modelling which work in the short-wavelength/high-frequency limit and incorporate site-specific details—both indoors and outdoors. Typical high-frequency tools used in this context—besides purely statistical approaches—are based on ray-tracing techniques. Ray-tracing can become challenging when multiple reflections dominate. In this context, mesh-based energy flow methods have become popular in recent years. In this study, we compare the two approaches both in terms of accuracy and efficiency and benchmark them against traditional power balance methods.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless power distributions in multi-cavity systems at high frequencies

et al. 2021

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“…Initially, the number and locations of the elementary equivalent electric dipoles are predefined. Then, the dipole parameters are determined by (10) with the measured magnetic fields data. Then, the prediction accuracy can be assessed by the relative-error function in (11) to determine the final suitable equivalent dipole array.…”

Section: The Theory Of Equivalent Dipole Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, the data can be used to reconstruct an equivalent source model of the DUT, which can be incorporated into a system-level simulation, thus deconstructing the radiated and evanescent field components. Third, the data can be used to derive the fields at other observation planes above the measurement plane based on propagation theory [10] or the properties of the equivalent sources [2]- [4], [11]. This will reduce the repeating of measurements to save time [2]- [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Near-Field Electromagnetic Emissions and Characterization Based on Equivalent Dipole Model in Time-Domain

Yuan

Baharuddin

Smartt

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.

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In this paper, a method for representing electromagnetic emissions from a device under test (DUT) using an equivalent time dependent dipole array model deduced from the time-domain near-field scanned tangential magnetic fields is proposed. First, a 3D time-domain near-field scanning system is established to measure the tangential magnetic fields emitted from DUTs which are a transmission line above a ground plane and a printed circuit board (PCB) with several microstrips respectively. For time-domain measurements, two magnetic field probes are calibrated over a broad bandwidth for both amplitude and phase to obtain their complex probe factors. Then the measured magnetic fields are utilized to construct an equivalent time dependent dipole array model to represent the electromagnetic sources of the DUT. Parameters of the time dependent equivalent dipoles are directly calculated by fitting to the measured magnetic fields. The effects of different number of dipoles on the accuracy of the reconstructed magnetic fields from the PCB are studied. The reconstructed equivalent dipoles of the DUTs can be used to predict the electromagnetic fields at other observation levels. The results predicted by the equivalent dipole model are in agreement with the simulated and measured results. Index Terms-Equivalent dipole model, magnetic fields, printed circuit board, time-domain near-field scanning, transmission line.

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“…To establish these correlation functions by measurements, the field values have to be measured in all pairs of sampling points and the field values have to be correlated for each pair of sampling points of a defined virtual grid. Due to the equivalence principle and the uniqueness theorem [14], the evolution of the correlation functions for the EM field propagating into the environment can be computed by analyzing data from nearfield two-point measurements of the tangential electric and/or magnetic field components in a surface enclosing the interferer [15]- [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclostationary Characterization of Radiated Emissions in Digital Electronic Devices

Kuznetsov

Baev

Konovalyuk

et al. 2020

IEEE Electromagn. Compat. Mag.

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Coupling and Emissions Under Cyclostationary Conditions For convenience, engineers often make the assumption that the statistical behaviour of signals remains constant in time (timeinvariant). However, as the complexity of modern systems increases and the simultaneous presence of several clocked sources of EMI, this assumption is not always valid. Cyclostationary signals have hidden periodicities in the way they transport electromagnetic energy. Cyclostationarity was first studied in connection with mechanical signals. Studying them in connection with EMC is used in identifying patterns of emission from specific areas of PCBs and therefore can assist in taking appropriate remedial actions. The paper by Kuznetsov et al presents an analysis of electrical signals through a process of statistical cyclic averaging to characterize the emission properties for EMC analysis and design. Experimental results are also presented in support of the theoretical analysis. In future issues of the EMC Magazine we will cover topics such as the Electrical Behavior of CFCs, Stochastic EMC Applications, and Lightning Characterization.

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Stochastic electromagnetic field propagation— measurement and modelling

Cited by 13 publications

References 63 publications

Wireless power distributions in multi-cavity systems at high frequencies

Wireless power distributions in multi-cavity systems at high frequencies

Measurement of Near-Field Electromagnetic Emissions and Characterization Based on Equivalent Dipole Model in Time-Domain

Cyclostationary Characterization of Radiated Emissions in Digital Electronic Devices

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