STM study of a grain boundary in graphite

Simonis, Priscilla; Goffaux, Cécile; Thiry, P.A.; Biró, László Péter; Lambin, Philippe; Meunier, Vincent

doi:10.1016/s0039-6028(02)01511-x

Cited by 157 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This is consistent with the structure of topological defects in polycrystalline monolayer graphene discussed below. Later, the interest in GB defects in graphene was renewed with the advent of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) for investigating surfaces [27][28][29][30] . Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) allowed the local electronic properties of these defects in graphite to be investigated in detail 31 .…”

Section: Structure Of Polycrystalline Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Polycrystalline graphene and other two-dimensional materials

2014

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Graphene, a single atomic layer of graphitic carbon, has attracted intense attention due to its extraordinary properties that make it a suitable material for a wide range of technological applications. Large-area graphene films, which are necessary for industrial applications, are typically polycrystalline, that is, composed of single-crystalline grains of varying orientation joined by grain boundaries. Here, we present a review of the large body of research reported in the past few years on polycrystalline graphene. We discuss its growth and formation, the microscopic structure of grain boundaries and their relations to other types of topological defects such as dislocations. The review further covers electronic transport, optical and mechanical properties pertaining to the characterizations of grain boundaries, and applications of polycrystalline graphene. We also discuss research, still in its infancy, performed on other 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides, and offer perspectives for future directions of research.Comment: review article; part of focus issue "Graphene applications

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Section: Structure Of Polycrystalline Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Polycrystalline graphene and other two-dimensional materials

2014

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“…The first approach involves local two-point measurements, which are accomplished with STM and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). [16,200,201,202,24,23] With these measurements, it is possible to deduce the local electronic density of states, the local charge density, and the charge scattering mechanisms associated with GGBs, thus permitting the spatially-dependent electrical characterization of GGBs at the atomic scale. The second approach involves four-probe measurements, which can be used to analyze the influence of individual GGBs at a scale of several micrometers.…”

Section: Measurement Of Electrical Transport Across Ggbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two-probe STM and STS techniques can be used to locally study the electrical properties of GGBs. [16,200,202,24,23] By varying the voltage and position of the STM tip, it is possible to determine the nature of localized states, the charge doping, and the local scattering mechanism corresponding to a given morphology of the GGB. One example of such analysis is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Measurement Of Electrical Transport Across Ggbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge and Spin Transport in Disordered Graphene-Based Materials

Tuan

2016

Springer Theses

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“…To produce large areas of high quality graphene, carbon grain boundaries must be reduced by both controlling and optimizing the number of C-rich seed regions. Identifying optimal growth conditions that i) minimize the number of atomic scale defects in a graphene sheet [114], ii) minimize the presence of grain boundaries [115], and iii) eliminate interstitial carbon atoms [116,117,118,119,120] between the graphene sheets presents a formidable challenge. Before fabricating high quality graphene-based electronic devices on an industrial scale, many of these important questions must first be addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibrational spectra of nanowires measured using laser doppler vibrometry and STM studies of epitaxial graphene : an LDRD fellowship report.

Biedermann¹

2009

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A few of the many applications for nanowires are high-aspect ratio conductive atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever tips, force and mass sensors, and high-frequency resonators. Reliable estimates for the elastic modulus of nanowires and the quality factor of their oscillations are of interest to help enable these applications. Furthermore, a real-time, non-destructive technique to measure the vibrational spectra of nanowires will help enable sensor applications based on nanowires and the use of nanowires as AFM cantilevers (rather than as tips for AFM cantilevers).Laser Doppler vibrometry is used to measure the vibration spectra of individual cantilevered nanowires, specifically multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and silver gallium nanoneedles. Since the entire vibration spectrum is measured with high frequency resolution (100 Hz for a 10 MHz frequency scan), the resonant frequencies and quality factors of the nanowires are accurately determined. Using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the elastic modulus and spring constant can be calculated from the resonance frequencies of the oscillation spectrum and the dimensions of the nanowires, which are obtained from parallel SEM studies. Because the diameters of the nanowires 3 studied are smaller than the wavelength of the vibrometer's laser, Mie scattering is used to estimate the lower diameter limit for nanowires whose vibration can be measured in this way. The techniques developed in this thesis can be used to measure the vibrational spectra of any suspended nanowire with high frequency resolution Two different nanowires were measured-MWNTs and Ag 2 Ga nanoneedles. Measurements of the thermal vibration spectra of MWNTs under ambient conditions showed that the elastic modulus, E, of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) MWNTs is 37±26 GPa, well within the range of E previously reported for CVD-grown MWNTs. Since the Ag 2 Ga nanoneedles have a greater optical scattering efficiency than MWNTs, their vibration spectra was more extensively studied. The thermal vibration spectra of Ag 2 Ga nanoneedles was measured under both ambient and low-vacuum conditions. The operational deflection shapes of the vibrating Ag 2 Ga nanoneedles was also measured, allowing confirmation of the eigenmodes of vibration. The modulus of the crystalline nanoneedles was 84.3±1.0 GPa.Gas damping is the dominate mechanism of energy loss for nanowires oscillating under ambient conditions. The measured quality factors, Q, of oscillation are in line with theoretical predictions of air damping in the free molecular gas damping regime. In the free molecular regime, Q gas is linearly proportional to the density and diameter of the nanowire and inversely proportional to the air pressure. Since the density of the Ag 2 Ga nanoneedles is three times that of the MWNTs, the Ag 2 Ga nanoneedles have greater Q at atmospheric pressures. Our initial measurements of Q for Ag 2 Ga nanoneedles in low-vacuum (10 Torr) suggest that the intrinsic Q of these nanoneedles may be on the order of 1000....

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STM study of a grain boundary in graphite

Cited by 157 publications

References 8 publications

Polycrystalline graphene and other two-dimensional materials

Polycrystalline graphene and other two-dimensional materials

Charge and Spin Transport in Disordered Graphene-Based Materials

Vibrational spectra of nanowires measured using laser doppler vibrometry and STM studies of epitaxial graphene : an LDRD fellowship report.

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