Stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer relations in the control of conditioned appetitive headpoking (“goal tracking”) in rats

Farwell, Byron J; Ayres, John J. B.

doi:10.1016/0023-9690(79)90035-3

Cited by 88 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This postasymptotic decrement has been previously reported with auditory conditional stimuli and has been attributed to a 'maintained headpoke' CR (Carrigan et al, 1972;Farwell and Ayres, 1979). For example, Farwell and Ayres (1979) noted that 'yrats with the light CS periodically pulled their heads out of the dipper receptacle during CSs, as if to see if the light were still on. Each time this 'checking' behavior occurred, a response was recorded.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…After all, the rats are required to approach the goal area in order to receive sucrose access. To date, studies that have attempted to dissociate the roles of operant and Pavlovian processes involved in goal-directed behavior elicited by environmental cues have met with ambiguous results (eg Farwell and Ayres, 1979). Perhaps future studies, such as those investigating Pavlovian to instrumental transfer (eg Holland and Gallagher, 2003), or the importance of unconditional responses (Donahoe and Vegas, 2004), will add insights to the similarities and differences between Pavlovian and operant contributions to cue-evoked goal tracking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nicotine was referred to as a positive 'drug feature' because the drug state provided information about when the CS would be followed by sucrose. To measure the effects of pairing the light CS and sucrose US, we took advantage of rats' tendency to goal track, or approach a place where they had received sucrose in the past (Boakes, 1977;Farwell and Ayres, 1979). Notably, goal-tracking behavior occurred most frequently when the light CS was presented in the nicotine state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stimulus Properties of Nicotine, Amphetamine, and Chlordiazepoxide as Positive Features in a Pavlovian Appetitive Discrimination Task in Rats

Palmatier

Wilkinson

Metschke

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Recent experiments from our laboratory have demonstrated that drug states can signal when environmental cues will be followed by rewarding outcomes (ie Pavlovian conditioning). However, little is known about the generality of this approach and whether it can be used for studying the pharmacological properties of drug states. Accordingly, the present experiments tested the pharmacological specificity of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg), amphetamine (1 mg/kg), and chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 5 mg/kg) in this Pavlovian drug discrimination procedure. Following drug administration, presentation of a conditional stimulus (CS) was followed by brief access to sucrose. When saline was administered, the same CS was presented but sucrose was withheld. In substitution tests, rats in each condition received varying doses of all training drugs and caffeine. Anticipatory food seeking developed during the CS on drug sessions but not on saline sessions for all drug features (ie drug state-specific conditional response (CR)). In generalization tests, this CR decreased as a function of decreases in the training dose. Median effective doses (ED 50 s) were calculated for nicotine (0.054 mg/kg), amphetamine (0.26 mg/kg), and CDP (2.48 mg/kg). No compound tested substituted for the CDP training drug. Partial substitution was evident between nicotine and amphetamine; CDP did not substitute for either of these drug features. Caffeine fully substituted for nicotine (ED 50 ¼ 15.45 mg/kg) and amphetamine (ED 50 ¼ 3.70 mg/kg), but not for CDP. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that drug states can occasion appetitive Pavlovian CRs in a pharmacologically specific manner.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stimulus Properties of Nicotine, Amphetamine, and Chlordiazepoxide as Positive Features in a Pavlovian Appetitive Discrimination Task in Rats

Palmatier

Wilkinson

Metschke

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Rats were holding their heads in the dipper receptacle longer rather than more often. There is a detailed literature showing that conditioned response form can vary as a function of stimulus modality (e.g., Bevins and Ayres 1991;Farwell and Ayres 1979). To determine whether the more-maintained head-poke CR developed to the light CS on CP 55,940 sessions, we assessed the duration (rather than frequency) of dipper entries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sucrose is not available on intermixed saline sessions. Using head entries into the sucrose receptacle before the first sucrose delivery as a measure of the conditioned response (i.e., CR; goal tracking; Farwell and Ayres 1979), nicotine serves as an interoceptive CS as evidenced by increased dipper entries on nicotine compared to saline sessions. The most notable procedural distinction between this task and the operant drug discrimination models is that there is no explicit response requirement for reinforcement to be delivered in the discriminated goal-tracking task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of endocannabinoid modulation of conditioned responding evoked by a nicotine CS and the Pavlovian stimulus effects of CP 55,940 in adult male rats

et al. 2009

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Rationale -The cannabinoid CB 1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant (SR 141716) has been shown to block reinforcing and rewarding effects of nicotine. Research has not investigated whether the cannabinoid system is involved in the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine functioning as a conditional stimulus (CS). Objective -We examined the effects of rimonabant and the CB 1/2 receptor agonist, CP 55,940, on responding evoked by a nicotine CS in rats. Additionally, we determined whether CP 55,940 functioned as a CS or a Pavlovian positive drug feature Materials and methods -Pavlovian discrimination training involved intermixed nicotine (0.2 mg base/kg) and saline sessions with intermittent access to water only on nicotine. Antagonism tests with rimonabant (0.1-3 mg/kg) and substitution tests with CP 55,940 (0.003-0.1 mg/kg) followed. An effective dose of CP 55,940 was tested against the nicotine generalization curve. A separate group received CS training with CP 55,940 (0.01 mg/kg). Two other groups were trained using CP 55,940 (0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg) as a positive drug feature in which a brief light CS signaled access to water only on CP 55,940 sessions Results -Rimonabant blocked nicotine-evoked responding.CP 55,940 partially substituted for nicotine and enhanced responding to lower nicotine doses. Overall, CP 55,940 did not acquire control of conditioned responding in either Pavlovian drug discrimination task Conclusions -The cannabinoid system was involved in the CS effects of nicotine. This finding is counter to the operant drug discrimination research with nicotine as a discriminative stimulus, warranting further research into this possible dissociation.

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Appetitive Pavlovian conditioning of the stimulus effects of nicotine enhances later nicotine self‐administration

Barrett

Flynn

Huynh

et al. 2022

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Nicotine produces robust stimulus effects that can be conditioned to exert stimulus control over behavior through associative learning. Additionally, nicotine has weak reinforcing effects that are inconsistent with its prevalence of use and the tenacity of nicotine dependence. The present study investigated whether conditioned associations to the nicotine drug stimulus may confer additional reinforcing strength to nicotine that thereby increase its use liability, and presents a new methodological approach to investigating the interaction between the stimulus effects and reinforcing effects of drugs. Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into groups receiving intravenous infusions of either 0.03 mg/kg nicotine or 0.9% saline that were either Paired (30 s delayed) or explicitly Unpaired (4 to 6 min delayed) with sucrose deliveries over 24 daily conditioning sessions. Thereafter, recessed nosepoke response devices were installed in the chambers and infusions of their assigned drug solutions were contingently available according to a progressive ratio schedule. Rats in the Paired Nicotine condition acquired the nosepoke response, expressed active nosepoke discrimination, and self‐administered significantly more infusions than rats in any of the other groups. These results demonstrate that the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine can form Pavlovian associations with reinforcing events that alter its reinforcement efficacy.

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Stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer relations in the control of conditioned appetitive headpoking (“goal tracking”) in rats

Cited by 88 publications

References 14 publications

Stimulus Properties of Nicotine, Amphetamine, and Chlordiazepoxide as Positive Features in a Pavlovian Appetitive Discrimination Task in Rats

Stimulus Properties of Nicotine, Amphetamine, and Chlordiazepoxide as Positive Features in a Pavlovian Appetitive Discrimination Task in Rats

Investigation of endocannabinoid modulation of conditioned responding evoked by a nicotine CS and the Pavlovian stimulus effects of CP 55,940 in adult male rats

Appetitive Pavlovian conditioning of the stimulus effects of nicotine enhances later nicotine self‐administration

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