Stimulating fastigial nucleus alters central mechanisms regulating phrenic activity

Williams, John L.; Everse, Stephen J.; Lutherer, L. O.

doi:10.1016/0034-5687(89)90099-6

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In addition, ablation of the anterior cerebellum decreases the increase iṅ V E induced by pressure application or stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle (268). Also in anesthetized mammals, electrical or chemical stimulation of the CFN increases breathing (30,218,219,352,357,358). Moreover ablation of the CFN attenuates the respiratory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia (360,361).…”

Section: Role Of the Cerebellummentioning

confidence: 96%

Control of Breathing During Exercise

Forster

Haouzi

Dempsey

2012

Comprehensive Physiology

183

203

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During exercise by healthy mammals, alveolar ventilation and alveolar-capillary diffusion increase in proportion to the increase in metabolic rate to prevent PaCO2 from increasing and PaO2 from decreasing. There is no known mechanism capable of directly sensing the rate of gas exchange in the muscles or the lungs; thus, for over a century there has been intense interest in elucidating how respiratory neurons adjust their output to variables which can not be directly monitored. Several hypotheses have been tested and supportive data were obtained, but for each hypothesis, there are contradictory data or reasons to question the validity of each hypothesis. Herein, we report a critique of the major hypotheses which has led to the following conclusions. First, a single stimulus or combination of stimuli that convincingly and entirely explains the hyperpnea has not been identified. Second, the coupling of the hyperpnea to metabolic rate is not causal but is due to of these variables each resulting from a common factor which link the circulatory and ventilatory responses to exercise. Third, stimuli postulated to act at pulmonary or cardiac receptors or carotid and intracranial chemoreceptors are not primary mediators of the hyperpnea. Fourth, stimuli originating in exercising limbs and conveyed to the brain by spinal afferents contribute to the exercise hyperpnea. Fifth, the hyperventilation during heavy exercise is not primarily due to lactacidosis stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors. Finally, since volitional exercise requires activation of the CNS, neural feed-forward (central command) mediation of the exercise hyperpnea seems intuitive and is supported by data from several studies. However, there is no compelling evidence to accept this concept as an indisputable fact.

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Section: Role Of the Cerebellummentioning

confidence: 96%

Control of Breathing During Exercise

Forster

Haouzi

Dempsey

2012

Comprehensive Physiology

183

203

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“…A number of studies have shown that stimulation of three regions of the cerebellum that process vestibular signals, the nodulus/uvula (located in the caudal cerebellar vermis), the anterior lobe (lobules I–V) and the fastigial nucleus, alters respiratory muscle activity 34–41 . Stimulation of the nodulus and uvula mainly has an inhibitory influence on respiration 36 and preliminary data presented in Fig.…”

Section: Role Of the Cerebellum In Modulating Vestibulo–respiratory Rmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Thus, the nodulus and uvula appear to inhibit respiratory activity. In contrast, stimulation of the rostral portion of the fastigial nucleus or the cortex of the anterior lobe can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on respiration 34–41 . The influences of the uvula/nodulus on respiration could be mediated indirectly through the connections of this region with the fastigial nucleus, or more directly through projections to portions of the vestibular nuclei that mediate vestibulo–respiratory responses 42–44 .…”

Section: Role Of the Cerebellum In Modulating Vestibulo–respiratory Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have shown that stimulation of three regions of the cerebellum that process vestibular signals, the nodulus/uvula (located in the caudal cerebellar vermis), the anterior lobe (lobules I-V) and the fastigial nucleus, alters respiratory muscle activity. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Fig . 3 (a) Location of neurons at one level of the medial medullary reticular formation (approximately 2 mm rostral to the obex) that were infected 5 days following the injection of pseudorabies virus recombinants into the left diaphragm and rectus abdominis.…”

Section: Role Of the Cerebellum In Modulating Vestibulo-respiratory Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, stimulation of the rostral portion of the fastigial nucleus or the cortex of the anterior lobe can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on respiration. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] The influences of the uvula/nodulus on respiration could be mediated indirectly through the connections of this region with the fastigial nucleus, or more directly through projections to portions of the vestibular nuclei that mediate vestibulo-respiratory responses. [42][43][44] The effects of the rostral fastigial nucleus on respiration could be elicited through projections to either the medial medullary reticular formation (which, as described above, contains premotor respiratory neurons) [24][25][26][27] or the regions of the vestibular nuclei involved in respiratory control.…”

Section: Role Of the Cerebellum In Modulating Vestibulo-respiratory Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role Of The Vestibular System In Regulating Respiratory Muscle Activity During Movement

Yates

Billig

Cotter

et al. 2002

Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol

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1. Changes in posture can affect the resting length of the diaphragm, which is corrected through increases in both diaphragm and abdominal muscle activity. Furthermore, postural alterations can diminish airway patency, which must be compensated for through increases in firing of particular upper airway muscles. 2. Recent evidence has shown that the vestibular system participates in adjusting the activity of both upper airway muscles and respiratory pump muscles during movement and changes in body position. 3. Vestibulo-respiratory responses do not appear to be mediated through the brainstem respiratory groups; labyrinthine influences on respiratory pump muscles may be relayed through neurons in the medial medullary reticular formation, which have recently been demonstrated to provide inputs to both abdominal and diaphragm motoneurons. 4. Three regions of the cerebellum that receive vestibular inputs, the fastigial nucleus, the nodulus/uvula and the anterior lobe, also influence respiratory muscle activity, although the physiological role of cerebellar regulation of respiratory activity is yet to be determined. 5. It is practical for the vestibular system to participate in the control of respiration, to provide for rapid adjustments in ventilation such that the oxygen demands of the body are continually matched during movement and exercise.

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Role of the B�tzinger complex in fastigial nucleus-mediated respiratory responses

Zhang

Frazier

1999

Anat. Rec.

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We have reported that the phrenic neurogram (PN) is modulated by stimulation of the fastigial nucleus (FN) of the cerebellum. The present study was undertaken to search for brainstem site(s) involved in the FN efferent pathway to modulate phrenic nerve activities. Experiments were performed on 35 anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated cats, using the PN as the index of the respiratory motor output. Results showed that bilateral electrolytic lesions of the red nucleus (RN), the paramedian reticular nucleus (PRN), or the pontine respiratory group (PRG) had little effect on the ability of FN stimulation to modulate the respiratory output. However, the modulation was abolished by bilateral electrolytic lesions of the Bötzinger complex (BötC). Further studies showed that bilateral chemical inactivation of BötC neurons produced by topical microinjection of kainic acid or cobalt chloride failed to abolish the modulation. We concluded that fibers of passage, not synapses or cell bodies in the BötC, were involved in the modulatory effect of FN stimulation on the PN. The RN, PRN, and PRG appear not to be important in the neural circuitry responsible for the FN modulation of the phrenic activity.

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Stimulating fastigial nucleus alters central mechanisms regulating phrenic activity

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

Control of Breathing During Exercise

Control of Breathing During Exercise

Role Of The Vestibular System In Regulating Respiratory Muscle Activity During Movement

Role of the B�tzinger complex in fastigial nucleus-mediated respiratory responses

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