Stigma as Social Control: Gender-Based Violence Stigma, Life Chances, and Moral Order in Kenya

Barnett, Jessica Penwell; Maticka‐Tyndale, Eleanor; Kenya, Trócaire

doi:10.1093/socpro/spw012

Cited by 29 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Tolerant community norms regarding IPV that disregard some acts of violence, norms of male superiority, and perceiving IPV as an inevitable part of a relationship are basic factors that not only underlie the occurrence of IPV [16][17][18][19] but also allow it to persist in society [5,18] and challenge intervention efforts [18]. These community and cultural norms range to the extent that they devalue IPV reporting and stigmatize women who report their abuse in order to preserve a moral order [20]. The community also has a role in maintaining the normalization of IPV through proverbs [53].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it is believed that societal-level determinants such as poverty, gender inequality, and political contexts not only affect the distribution of IPV but also moderate community-, relationship-, and individual-level risk factors [14,18]. Their influence could be direct or indirect by affecting institutional systems, family decisions and gender roles [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of intimate partner violence against women in Ethiopia: A multi-level analysis

et al. 2020

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) continues to be a major public health problem globally. Although Ethiopia has a high prevalence of IPV, previous studies in this country have only investigated individual-level determinants of IPV within small geographic areas. The current study aimed to identify the individual-, relationship-, community-, and societal-level determinants of IPV directed against women in Ethiopia since women are predominantly affected. A retrospective analysis of nationally representative data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) was conducted. A sample of 3,897 married women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who participated in the domestic violence module of the survey were included in the analysis. Three-level mixed-effects multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate the individual-, relationship-, community-, and societal-level determinants of IPV. Variability at the community-and societal-level were also assessed. About 1,328 (34.1%) of 3,897 participants reported experiencing IPV (a composite measure of physical, sexual and emotional abuse). In adjusted models, the odds of lifetime IPV experience were higher among women who were older, were married before the age of 18 years, witnessed inter-parental violence during their childhood, had a partner who drank alcohol, and lived in a community with high IPV accepting norms. Alternatively, the odds of IPV were lower among women who had decision-making autonomy in the household, had the same or lower educational attainment as their partner, and lived in a community with low proportions of educated women. These findings reveal that although individual-level factors were significant determinants of IPV, higher level factors, including female education and IPV acceptance in the community, were also important influences on this major public health issue in Ethiopia. These findings suggest combined interventions at different levels may reduce IPV in this country.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of intimate partner violence against women in Ethiopia: A multi-level analysis

et al. 2020

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“…This obstacle is likely to be more evident in societies with poor social safety nets. For example, participants in a study from Kenya talked about economic dependence on their husband as a major obstacle to seeking help for spousal violence [28]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and predictors of help-seeking for women exposed to spousal violence in India – a cross-sectional study

Leonardsson

Sebastián

2017

BMC Women's Health

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BackgroundSpousal violence against women is prevalent in India (29%). Studies from various countries have shown that few women exposed to intimate partner violence or spousal violence seek help, especially in low-income countries. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and predictors of help-seeking among women in India who have experienced various types of spousal violence.MethodsCross-sectional data on 19,125 married, separated, divorced or widowed women in India who had experienced physical or sexual violence at the hands of their husbands were obtained from the India National Family Health Survey III 2005–2006. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out.ResultsLess than one fourth (23.7%) of married, separated, divorced or widowed women in India who had experienced some form of physical or sexual spousal violence had sought help, but only 1% had sought help from formal institutions. Help-seeking was most prevalent in women who had been exposed to a combination of physical, sexual and emotional abuse (48.8%) and the least prevalent in women who had experienced sexual violence only (1.5%). Experience of severe violence and violence resulting in injury were the strongest predictors of help-seeking. Having education, being Christian or an acknowledged adherent of another minority religion - mainly Buddhism and Sikhism (Islam not included), getting married after the age of 21 and living in the South region were also associated with seeking help. Women in the North and Northeast regions were less likely to seek help, as were women with children and women who thought that a husband could be justified in hitting his wife.ConclusionsVery few Indian women who experience spousal violence seek help. The characteristics of the violence are the strongest predictors of help-seeking, but sociodemographic factors are also influential. We recommend efforts to ensure educational attainment for girls, prevention of child marriages, and that police officers and health care staff should be educated about intimate partner violence and in how to respond to women who seek help. It is important to tackle norms and attitudes surrounding violence against women, as well as attitudes to women who disclose violence.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12905-017-0453-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Barnett, Maticka-Tyndale, and Trócaire Kenya (2016) proposed a model of GBV stigma as a community process of social control with moral, cognitive, interpersonal, and structural components. The moral component includes community norms.…”

Section: Stigma and Help Seekingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Relationship Between Stigma, Stigma Challenges, and Disclosure Among Slum-Dwelling Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence in Kenya

Maticka‐Tyndale

Barnett

Trocaire³

2019

Violence Against Women

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This article uses survey data from 131 women living in urban slums in Kenya to explore associations between stigma, stigma challenges, empowerment, and disclosure of intimate partner violence (IPV). A total of 81.7% of women reported informal or formal disclosure of IPV. A bystander offering help and experiencing stigma were associated with significant increases in the odds of informal and formal disclosure. There were also significant positive associations between participating in financial decision-making, membership in survivor support groups, and formal disclosure. Results suggest that interpersonal, community, and structural challenges to stigma interfere with stigma as a barrier to disclosure.

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Stigma as Social Control: Gender-Based Violence Stigma, Life Chances, and Moral Order in Kenya

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

Determinants of intimate partner violence against women in Ethiopia: A multi-level analysis

Determinants of intimate partner violence against women in Ethiopia: A multi-level analysis

Prevalence and predictors of help-seeking for women exposed to spousal violence in India – a cross-sectional study

Exploring the Relationship Between Stigma, Stigma Challenges, and Disclosure Among Slum-Dwelling Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence in Kenya

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