Stigma and HIV service access among transfeminine and gender diverse women in South Africa – a narrative analysis of longitudinal qualitative data from the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial

Abstract

Background Transgender women have a disproportionately high HIV prevalence compared to cisgender women and men who have sex with men, which puts them at risk of HIV-related stigma (Baral SD et al., Lancet Infect Dis, 13;3, 2013). People whose gender identities are in tension with dominant social norms (including transgender women) often also experience gender identity-related stigma. There has been increasing attention to transgender people in HIV research and interventions. However, very little research has been done in sub-Saharan African countries. Methods We conducted a qualitative cohort study which included eight transfeminine and/or gender diverse women (four living with HIV) in Western Cape, South Africa, for a follow-up period of 12–18 months. Using a narrative analysis approach, we set out to understand how transfeminine and gender diverse participants in the cohort anticipated, experienced and internalised HIV stigma and gender identity stigma, and how these stigmas affected HIV service access. Result We found that participants reported anticipated, experienced, and internalised stigma relating both to their gender identity and to living with HIV. Participants reported inconsistent uptake of antiretroviral therapy (ART) services (including ART initiation and adherence) that they linked to stigma. We also found that gender diverse women and transfeminine women are challenged with other stigmatising social identities, like being a sex worker, drug user and/or a man (or assigned male sex at birth) who have sex with men (MSM). We use the terms ‘transfeminine’ and ‘gender diverse’ as terms that are inclusive of gender variant people who were all assigned male sex at birth and identify as women in some or all aspects of their lives. The persons in our study also showed gender identifications that were fluid and sometimes varied in different contexts and situations, therefore gender identity and sexual identity were often conflated for these individuals. Participants managed high levels of reported stigma by drawing on social support networks like families, friends and peers. Conclusion Our study provides exploratory work on how stigma may affect HIV services uptake amongst gender diverse women and transfeminine women in South Africa. We recommend future studies to further explore the unique HIV risks of gender diverse individuals. Trial registration DOH-27-0513-4253.

Progress towards 2020 global HIV impact and treatment targets

“…Modelled estimates have helped produce critical estimates of indicators by age, sex and geographic location in countries with high‐quality data available. Some of the remaining challenges in achieving (and measuring) the targets for key populations include unequal access to critical services and stigma and discrimination [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Understanding the complexities underlying inequities and how to capture them in models will be a necessary future step to improve efficiencies as models continue to inform the HIV response.…”

High-risk behaviors and factors for HIV and sexually transmitted infections among transgender people in Gaborone, Botswana: results from a national survey

“…This population was generally more affected by violence than transgender men and gender non-conforming individuals [ 33 ]. In a South African qualitative cohort, transgender women experienced significant stigma, which had a negative impact on their HIV services utilization [ 34 ]. Our study highlights the need for specific interventions for key populations in Botswana.…”

A qualitative study of how stigma influences HIV services for transgender men and women in Nigeria

“…Studies that have documented the impact of widespread conflation of gender identity with sexual orientation [34][35][36][37] highlight how this can limit access to and the effectiveness of HIV prevention services and the need to acknowledge transgender identities and address the unique needs of this population [36]. Provider awareness of, and respect for individual gender identity is critical for optimal delivery of HIV and other health services for Nigerian TGM and TGW [37].…”

“…Studies that have documented the impact of widespread conflation of gender identity with sexual orientation [34][35][36][37] highlight how this can limit access to and the effectiveness of HIV prevention services and the need to acknowledge transgender identities and address the unique needs of this population [36]. Provider awareness of, and respect for individual gender identity is critical for optimal delivery of HIV and other health services for Nigerian TGM and TGW [37]. Studies suggest that interventions that increase provider competence in delivering gender-affirming services can facilitate transgender engagement in, as well as retention in, HIV care [38,39] and can increase patient-provider trust and foster positive interactions [38,40].…”