Stiffness evolution of natural hydraulic lime mortars at early ages measured through EMM-ARM

Garijo, Lucía; Azenha, Miguel; Ramesh, Meera; Ruiz, Gonzalo

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.258

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The use of HL and NHL gave almost similar porosity, which was about 15% higher in the case of reference mortars and about 20% higher in the case of mortars with lava aggregate compared to values obtained for PCHL-R and PCHL-LA, respectively. Similar porosity values of NHL reference mortars were obtained recently, e.g., Garijo et al [80]. Accordingly, Pachta et al [81] received lime mortar with sand of siliceous origin porosity of 31%, which was in agreement with porosity value of control lime mortar.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Mortars with Crushed Lava Granulate for Repair of Damp Historical Buildings

et al. 2019

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In this paper, crushed lava granulate was used as full silica sand replacement in composition of repair mortars based on hydrated lime, natural hydraulic lime, or cement-lime binder. Lava granules were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particle size distribution of both silica and lava aggregates was assessed using standard sieve analysis. Hygrothermal function of the developed lightweight materials was characterized by the measurement of complete set of hygric, thermal, and structural parameters of the hardened mortar samples that were tested for both 28 days and 90 days cured specimens. As the repair mortars must also meet requirements on mechanical performance, their compressive strength, flexural strength, and dynamic Young’s modulus were tested. The newly developed mortars composed of lava aggregate and hydrated lime or natural hydraulic lime met technical, functional, compatibility, and performance criteria on masonry and rendering materials, and were found well applicable for repair of historically valuable buildings.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Mortars with Crushed Lava Granulate for Repair of Damp Historical Buildings

et al. 2019

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“…This effect was found to be more significant for the wet specimens in comparison to the ambient-dry counterparts. It has already been shown that wet HNL mortar samples typically exhibit lower mechanical strengths than those in air-dry conditions [6,67]. In such cases, when the brick stiffness is higher than that of the mortar, the mortar is in a triaxial compression state, whilst the bricks are in axial compression and lateral tension.…”

Section: Comparative Findings and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressive behaviour of fired-clay brick and lime mortar masonry components in dry and wet conditions

Bompa

Elghazouli

2020

Mater Struct

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This paper examines the fundamental mechanical properties of masonry elements incorporating fired-clay bricks and hydraulic lime mortars under ambient-dry and wet conditions, corresponding to 48 h submersion in water. In addition to complementary material characterisation assessments, two types of specimens are tested: cylindrical cores in compression, and wall elements in compression. Overall, a detailed account of more than 50 tests is given. Apart from conventional measurements, the use of digital image correlation techniques enables a detailed assessment of the influence of moisture on the constitutive response, confinement effects and mechanical properties of masonry components. The uniaxial compressive strengths of wet brick elements and brick-mortar components, resulting from tests on cylindrical cores with height-to-depth ratios of around two, are shown to be 13-18% lower than those in ambient-dry conditions. The tests also show that enhanced confinement levels in brick units mobilise 67-92% higher strengths than in the corresponding unconfined cylinders. Moreover, experimental observations indicate that the presence of significant confinement reduces the influence of moisture on the mechanical properties as a function of the brick and mortar joint thickness and their relative stiffness. As a result, the failure of wet masonry walls in compression is found to be only marginally lower than those in ambient-dry conditions. Based on the test results, the influence of moisture on the constitutive response and mechanical properties of masonry components is discussed, and considerations for practical application are highlighted.

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“…Despite a slight difference of results was detected between the two sets of specimens (i.e. q and V were higher in mechanically compacted specimens compared to hand compacted ones, the contrary happened for f f and f c ), they were considered acceptable compared to the variation encountered in each of the individual tests, and also comparable with the variation encountered in the tests performed in experimental studies on aerial lime mortars [7,11,37]. Indeed, the percentage differences between the results obtained did not exceed 5% for the bulk density and the ultrasonic pulse velocity, and about 10% for the flexural and compressive strength.…”

Section: Repeatability Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The figure also shows the comparison with the available data derived by literature concerning different types of mortar that can be possibly used in restoration. In particular, data related to cement-aerial lime blended mortars [45], natural hydraulic lime mortars [37] and cement-natural hydraulic lime blended mortars [49] were used for the comparison. Figure 12 also specifies the mix proportions for each mortar (Cement:Lime:Sand) and the water:binder ratio by volume.…”

Section: Integrative Discussion Of the Experimental Outcomes And Comparison With Literature Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, they were tested within two hours from t 0 . The protocol adopted for Differential Thermal Analysis on the raw materials, fresh mortar and hardened mortar involved: a single increasing ramp, from 20 to 1100°C, with a rate of 10°C/min [7,9,10,36,37]. The heating rate, 10°C/min value was selected to optimize the duration of every single test as well as the accuracy of the results, according to a common value accepted in literature [7-10, 36, 37].…”

Section: Overall Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental analysis of lime putty and pozzolan-based mortar for interventions in archaeological sites

et al. 2021

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The study aims at defining and characterizing a specific restoration mortar for archaeological masonry structures made with traditional materials and to assess the suitability of the mixture compared to other mortars; such a goal is crucial to develop and define interventions in the archaeological sites. The mixture was defined to ensure compatibility with ancient materials and following frequently adopted recommendations at the site, specifically by using: (1) raw materials as similar as possible to the ancient ones; (2) traditional mix design. Therefore, the mixture was made with commercial lime putty CL 90-S type and natural Phlegrean pozzolan, i.e. volcanoclastic material collected from the volcanic area located in the West of Naples in Italy. The precious and limitedly available natural pozzolan used in the experiments resulted in an exclusive mortar which is very similar to the archaeological ones. The mortar has a binder to aggregate ratio 1:3 by volume, according to traditional techniques typically encountered in the ancient Roman city of Pompeii and Vesuvius surrounding area. The evolution of the flexural and compressive strength, elastic modulus, bulk density, open porosity and ultrasonic pulse velocity has been monitored for up to 200 days, based on standard procedures. Moreover, the hardening process was monitored with Differential Thermal Analysis up to 90 days, through the evaluation of phase transitions associated with dehydroxylation and decarboxylation, considering different depths from the external surface of the mortar. The achieved mechanical properties were compatible with those of lime-based mixtures for repair interventions of ancient masonry structures. Moreover, the mortar was found to be well-suited to mitigate cracking, showing a low ratio between its stiffness and load capacity compared to other typologies of mortars used for masonry restoration. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test proved to be a reasonable complementary method to monitor the evolution of the hardened properties of the mortar. Carbonation was found to be still progressing at 90 days. The data presented provide useful and reliable information to approach the complex process of restoration in archeological sites.

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Stiffness evolution of natural hydraulic lime mortars at early ages measured through EMM-ARM

Cited by 11 publications

References 31 publications

Mortars with Crushed Lava Granulate for Repair of Damp Historical Buildings

Mortars with Crushed Lava Granulate for Repair of Damp Historical Buildings

Compressive behaviour of fired-clay brick and lime mortar masonry components in dry and wet conditions

Experimental analysis of lime putty and pozzolan-based mortar for interventions in archaeological sites

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